- •1. Morphology and syntax as part of grammar. Units of grammar, their functions and types of relations between them in language and speech.
- •2. Grammatical meaning and grammatical form. Means of form-building. Synthetic and analytical forms.
- •3. Structure of words. Grammatically relevant types of morphemes.
- •4. Grammatical categories. Method of opposition (a.I. Smirnitsky).
- •5. Parts of speech as lexico-grammatical classes of words. 3 principles of classifying words into parts of speech.
- •6. Morphological and syntactico-distributional classifications of words into parts of speech (h.Sweet, o.Jespersen, Ch. Fries.)
- •7. Notional and functional classes of words.
- •8. The category of number of the Engliss noun.
- •9. The category of case of the English noun.
- •10. The category of article determination.
- •11. Adjective. The category of degrees of comparison.
- •12. The category of tense.
- •13. The category of order.
- •14. The category of aspect.
- •15. The category of voice.
- •16. The category of mood.
- •17. The dual nature of non-finite forms of the verb. Morphological categories of verbals.
- •18. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of representation.
- •19. Phrase. Principles of classification (h.Sweet, o.Jespersen, l.Bloomfield)
- •20. Classification of phrases according to the types of syntactic relations between the constituents.
- •21. Predicativity. Predication. Constructions with secondary predication.
- •22. Syntactic structure of the claus (simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
- •23. Structural models of sentence analysis. Distributional model and types of distribution. Ic-model.
- •24. Transformational model of sentence analysis. Types of transformation.
- •26. Communicative structure of the sentence.
- •27. Functions of word order in English and types of inversion.
- •28. Principles of classification of simple sentences.
- •29. Compound sentence. Logico-semantic relations between clauses.
- •30. Complex sentence. Structural and functional classification.
21. Predicativity. Predication. Constructions with secondary predication.
The communicative function of the sentence distinguishes it from phrases and words, which have one function – naming.
Predicativity - the correlation of the thought expressed in the sentence with the situation of speech. Its components are modality, time and person, expressed by the categories of mood, tense and person.
Means of expressing predicativity: predicate verb, subject-predicate group (predication), intonation. Predication constitutes the basic structure of the sentence. A sentence may contain primary and secondary predication. I heard someone singing. The group someone singing is called the secondary predication, as it resembles the subject-predicate group (= the primary predication), structurally and semantically: it consists of two main components, nominal and verbal, and names an event or situation. But it cannot be correlated with reality directly and cannot constitute an independent unit of communication, as verbals have no categories of mood, tense and person. The secondary predication is related to the situation of speech indirectly, through the primary predications.
22. Syntactic structure of the claus (simple sentence). The model of the members of the sentence.
The process of analysing sentences into their parts, or constituents, is known as parsing.
The syntactic structure of the sentence can be analysed at 2 levels: pre-functional (constituents are words and word-groups) and functional (constituents are parts of the sentence).
Parts of the sentence are notional sentence constituents which are in certain syntactic relations to other constituents or to the sentence as a whole.
Parts of the sentence:
1) principal parts of the sentence - the predication (the basic structure of the sentence),
2) secondary parts of the sentence extend or expand the basic structure.
Parts of the sentence are notional constituents: they name elements of events or situations denoted by the sentence: actions, states, participants and circumstances. The formal properties of parts of the sentence are the type of syntactic relations and the morphological expression.
Principal parts of the sentence are interdependent. The subject is structural centre of the sentence. The predicate agrees with the subject in person and number. The predicate is the semantic and communicative centre of the sentence.
Secondary parts of the sentence are modifiers of principal and other secondary parts: attributes are noun-adjuncts, objects and adverbial modifiers are primarily verb adjuncts. Besides the three “traditional” secondary parts, two more are singled out: the apposition and the objective predicative.
Accordingly to the structure parts of the sentence:
simple expressed by words and phrases;
compound, consisting of the structural and notional part (compound verbal and nominal predicate, subject with the introductory it and there);
complex, expressed by secondary predications (typical of secondary parts of the sentence).
The model of parts of the sentence shows the basic relations of notional sentence constituents. It does not show the linear order of constituents.