- •Министерство образования и науки российской федерации
- •«Московский инженерно-физический институт (государственный университет)»
- •Text a. Automation.
- •Automation in Industry
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text b. Industrial engineering and automation.
- •Text c.
- •Text d. Types of automation. Applications of Automation and Robotics in Industry
- •Vocabulary
- •Text e. Automation in industry. Fixed and programmable automation. Automated production lines
- •Numerical control
- •Automated assembly
- •Придаточные предложения условия и времени, в которых действие отнесено к будущему.
- •Text a. All about robots.
- •Text b. Robot control system.
- •Text c. Robots in manufacturing.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text d. Robots – the ideal workers?
- •Post Script Exercises.
- •Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive mood).
- •Text a. Sources of power.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text b. Hydrogen – source of power.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text c. Peaceful atoms.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text d. Nuclear power? well, yes.
- •Text e. Non-traditional renewable sources of energy.
- •Основные способы словообразования.
- •Text a. Superconductivity.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text b.
- •Text c. New hope for energy.
- •1. Основные суффиксы существительных:
- •2. Основные суффиксы глаголов:
- •3. Основные суффиксы прилагательных:
- •Text a. The laser today and tomorrow.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text b. The electro-ionizing laser.
- •Vocabulary:
- •Text c. An encyclopedia on a tiny crystal.
- •Text d. Laser technology.
- •Интернациональная лексика.
- •Соотношение значений интернациональных слов в английском и русском языках.
- •Contents.
- •Плюхина ирина викторовна
- •Учебно-методическое пособие
- •Иностранный язык
Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive mood).
Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, нереальность, предположительность действия.
Изъявительное наклонение.
If I learn his address I shall write to him. — Если я узнаю его адрес, я ему напишу.
Сослагательное наклонение:
If I knew his address I would write to him. — Если бы я знал его адрес (сейчас), я написал бы ему (сейчас или в ближайшем будущем). Глагол в придаточном предложении — в форме Past Indefinite, в главном — в форме Future in the Past.
В случае, если действие, описываемое сослагательным наклонением, относится к прошедшему времени, в главном предложении используется форма будущего совершенного с точки зрения прошедшего Future Perfect in the Past, а в придаточном — прошедшее совершенное Past Perfect.
If I had known his address I would have written to him. — Если бы я знал его адрес (в прошлом), я написал бы ему (в прошлом же).
I wish I lived not far from here. (настоящее время). — Жаль, что я не живу поблизости.
I wish I had lived not far from here. (прошедшее время). — Жаль, что я не жил поблизости.
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian:
1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he wouldn't have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned the oral topics. 3. I wish I had known this before the examination. 4.1 would have come to you if you had not lived so far away. 5. If I had seen you yesterday I would have given you my text-book. 6. If I were in your place I wouldn't buy the tickets beforehand. 7. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.
UNIT 3.
NEW SOURCES OF POWER.
Text a. Sources of power.
The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and lighting systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where power is not required.
At present most of the power required is obtained mainly from two sources. One is from the burning of fossil fuels, i. e. coal, natural gas I and oil. The second way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam or water turbines. Electricity so produced then flows through transmission lines to houses, industrial plants, enterprises, etc.
It should be noted, however, that the generation of electricity by these conventional processes is highly uneconomic. Actually, only about 40 per cent of heat in the fuel is converted into electricity. Besides, the world resources of fossil fuels are not ever-lasting. On the other hand, the power produced by hydroelectric plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in the near future. Therefore much effort and thought is being given to other means of generating electricity.
One is the energy of hot water. Not long ago we began utilizing hot underground water for heating and hot water supply, and in some cases, for the generation of electricity.
Another promising field for the production of electric power is the use of ocean tides. Our engineers are engaged in designing tidal power stations of various capacities. The first station utilizing this principle began operating in Russia on the Barents Sea in 1968.
The energy of the sun which is being used in various ways represents a practically unlimited source.
Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is highly promising. It is a well-known fact, that one pound of uranium contains as much energy as three million pounds of coal, so cheap power can be provided wherever it is required. However, the efficiency reached in generating power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per cent.
No wonder, therefore, that scientists all over the world are doing their best to find more efficient ways of generating electricity directly from the fuel. They already succeeded in developing some processes which are much more efficient, as high as 80 per cent, and in creating a number of devices capable of giving a higher efficiency. Scientists are hard at work trying to solve these and many other problems.