IEEE 1076 standard.VHDL language reference manual.2000

If signal S is active, then S'Quiet(T) is updated by assigning the value FALSE to the variable representing the current value of S'Quiet(T), and the driver of S'Quiet(T) is assigned the waveform TRUE after T. Otherwise, if the driver of S'Quiet(T) is active, then S'Quiet(T) is updated by assigning the current value of the driver to the variable representing the current value of S'Quiet(T). Otherwise, neither the variable nor the driver is

585modified.

Finally, for any implicit signal S'Transaction, the current value of the signal is modified if and only if S is active. If signal S is active, then S'Transaction is updated by assigning the value of the expression (not S'Transaction) to the variable representing the current value of S'Transaction. At most one such assignment will occur during any given simulation cycle.

590For any implicit signal S'Delayed(T), the signal is not updated by the kernel process. Instead, it is updated by constructing an equivalent process (see 14.1) and executing that process.

The current value of a given implicit signal denoted by R is said to depend upon the current value of another signal S if one of the following statements is true:

—R denotes an implicit GUARD signal and S is any other implicit signal named within the guard

595expression that defines the current value of R.

—R denotes an implicit signal S'Stable(T).

—R denotes an implicit signal S'Quiet(T).

—R denotes an implicit signal S'Transaction.

—R denotes an implicit signal S'Delayed(T).

600These rules define a partial ordering on all signals within a model. The updating of implicit signals by the kernel process is guaranteed to proceed in such a manner that, if a given implicit signal R depends upon the current value of another signal S, then the current value of S will be updated during a particular simulation cycle prior to the updating of the current value of R.

NOTE—These rules imply that, if the driver of S'Stable(T) is active, then the new current value of that driver is the value

605TRUE. Furthermore, these rules imply that, if an event occurs on S during a given simulation cycle, and if the driver of S'Stable(T) becomes active during the same cycle, the variable representing the current value of S'Stable(T) will be assigned the value FALSE, and the current value of the driver of S'Stable(T) during the given cycle will never be assigned to that signal.

12.6.4 The simulation cycle

The execution of a model consists of an initialization phase followed by the repetitive execution of process

610statements in the description of that model. Each such repetition is said to be a simulation cycle. In each cycle, the values of all signals in the description are computed. If as a result of this computation an event occurs on a given signal, process statements that are sensitive to that signal will resume and will be executed as part of the simulation cycle.

At the beginning of initialization, the current time, Tc, is assumed to be 0 ns.

615The initialization phase consists of the following steps:

—The driving value and the effective value of each explicitly declared signal are computed, and the current value of the signal is set to the effective value. This value is assumed to have been the value of the signal for an infinite length of time prior to the start of simulation.

—The value of each implicit signal of the form S'Stable(T) or S'Quiet(T) is set to True. The value of

—The value of each implicit GUARD signal is set to the result of evaluating the corresponding guard expression.

—Each nonpostponed process in the model is executed until it suspends.

—Each postponed process in the model is executed until it suspends.

625— The time of the next simulation cycle (which in this case is the first simulation cycle), Tn, is calculated according to the rules of step f) of the simulation cycle, below.

A simulation cycle consists of the following steps:

a)The current time, Tc, is set equal to Tn. Simulation is complete when Tn = TIME'HIGH and there are no active drivers or process resumptions at Tn.

630b) Each active explicit signal in the model is updated. (Events may occur on signals as a result.)

c)Each implicit signal in the model is updated. (Events may occur on signals as a result.)

d)For each process, P, if P is currently sensitive to a signal, S, and if an event has occurred on S in this simulation cycle, then P resumes.

e)Each nonpostponed process that has resumed in the current simulation cycle is executed until it

635suspends.

f)If the break flag is set, the time of the next simulation cycle, Tn, is determined by setting it to the earliest of

1)TIME'HIGH,

2)The next time at which a driver becomes active, or

6403) The next time at which a process resumes.

If Tn = Tc, then the next simulation cycle (if any) will be a delta cycle.

g)If the next simulation cycle will be a delta cycle, the remainder of this step is skipped. Otherwise, each postponed process that has resumed but has not been executed since its last resumption is executed until it suspends. Then Tn is recalculated according to the rules of step f). It is an error if

645the execution of any postponed process causes a delta cycle to occur immediately after the current simulation cycle.

NOTES

1—The initial value of any implicit signal of the form S'Transaction is not defined.

2—Updating of explicit signals is described in 12.6.2; updating of implicit signals is described in 12.6.3.

6503—When a process resumes, it is added to one of two sets of processes to be executed (the set of postponed processes and the set of nonpostponed processes). However, no process actually begins to execute until all signals have been updated and all executable processes for this simulation cycle have been identified. Nonpostponed processes are always executed during step e) of every simulation cycle, while postponed processes are executed during step g) of every simulation cycle that does not immediately precede a delta cycle.

6554—The second and third steps of the initialization phase and steps b) and c) of the simulation cycle may occur in interleaved fashion. This interleaving may occur because the implicit signal GUARD may be used as the prefix of another implicit signal; moreover, implicit signals may be associated as actuals with explicit signals, making the value of an explicit signal a function of an implicit signal.

13. Lexical elements

The text of a description consists of one or more design files. The text of a design file is a sequence of lexical elements, each composed of characters; the rules of composition are given in this clause.

13.1 Character set

The only characters allowed in the text of a VHDL description are the graphic characters and format effectors. Each graphic character corresponds to a unique code of the ISO eight-bit coded character set (ISO

58859-1: 1987 [B6]) and is represented (visually) by a graphical symbol.

basic_graphic_character ::=

upper_case_letter | digit | special_character | space_character

graphic_character ::=

basic_graphic_character | lower_case_letter | other_special_character

10 basic_character ::=

basic_graphic_character | format_effector

The basic character set is sufficient for writing any description. The characters included in each of the categories of basic graphic characters are defined as follows:

20" # & ' () * + , - . / : ; < = > [ ] _ |

d)The space characters SPACE2 NBSP3

Format effectors are the ISO (and ASCII) characters called horizontal tabulation, vertical tabulation, carriage return, line feed, and form feed.

25The characters included in each of the remaining categories of graphic characters are defined as follows:

e)Lowercase letters

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ∂´ ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü y´ p' ÿ

f)Other special characters

2The visual representation of the space is the absence of a graphic symbol. It may be interpreted as a graphic character, a control character, or both.

3The visual representation of the nonbreaking space is the absence of a graphic symbol. It is used when a line break is to be prevented in the text as presented.

Allowable replacements for the special characters vertical line (|), number sign (#), and quotation mark (") are defined in 13.10.

NOTES

1—The font design of graphical symbols (for example, whether they are in italic or bold typeface) is not part of ISO

358859-1:1987 [B6].

2—The meanings of the acronyms used in this clause are as follows: ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ISO stands for International Organization for Standardization.

3—There are no uppercase equivalents for the characters ß and ÿ. 4—The following names are used when referring to special characters:

13.2 Lexical elements, separators, and delimiters

The text of each design unit is a sequence of separate lexical elements. Each lexical element is either a delimiter, an identifier (which may be a reserved word), an abstract literal, a character literal, a string literal, a bit string literal, or a comment.

In some cases an explicit separator is required to separate adjacent lexical elements (namely when, without

115separation, interpretation as a single lexical element is possible). A separator is either a space character (SPACE or NBSP), a format effector, or the end of a line. A space character (SPACE or NBSP) is a separator except within a comment, a string literal, or a space character literal.

The end of a line is always a separator. The language does not define what causes the end of a line. However if, for a given implementation, the end of a line is signified by one or more characters, then these characters

120must be format effectors other than horizontal tabulation. In any case, a sequence of one or more format effectors other than horizontal tabulation must cause at least one end-of-line.

One or more separators are allowed between any two adjacent lexical elements, before the first of each design unit or after the last lexical element of a design file. At least one separator is required between an identifier or an abstract literal and an adjacent identifier or abstract literal.

125 A delimiter is either one of the following special characters (in the basic character set):

& ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > | [ ]

or one of the following compound delimiters, each composed of two adjacent special characters:

=> ** := /= >= <= <>

Each of the special characters listed for single character delimiters is a single delimiter except if this charac-

130ter is used as a character of a compound delimiter or as a character of a comment, string literal, character literal, or abstract literal.

The remaining forms of lexical elements are described in subclauses of this clause.

NOTES

1—Each lexical element must fit on one line, since the end of a line is a separator. The quotation mark, number sign, and

135underline characters, likewise two adjacent hyphens, are not delimiters, but may form part of other lexical elements. 2—The following names are used when referring to compound delimiters:

13.3.1 Basic identifiers

A basic identifier consists only of letters, digits, and underlines.

basic_identifier ::=

letter { [ underline ] letter_or_digit }

150letter_or_digit ::= letter | digit

letter ::= upper_case_letter | lower_case_letter

All characters of a basic identifier are significant, including any underline character inserted between a letter or digit and an adjacent letter or digit. Basic identifiers differing only in the use of corresponding uppercase and lowercase letters are considered the same.

NOTE—No space (SPACE or NBSP) is allowed within a basic identifier, since a space is a separator.

13.3.2 Extended identifiers

Extended identifiers may contain any graphic character.

160extended_identifier ::=

\graphic_character { graphic_character } \

If a backslash is to be used as one of the graphic characters of an extended literal, it must be doubled. All characters of an extended identifier are significant (a doubled backslash counting as one character). Extended identifiers differing only in the use of corresponding uppercase and lowercase letters are distinct.

165 Moreover, every extended identifier is distinct from any basic identifier.

13.4 Abstract literals

There are two classes of abstract literals: real literals and integer literals. A real literal is an abstract literal that includes a point; an integer literal is an abstract literal without a point. Real literals are the literals of the type universal_real. Integer literals are the literals of the type universal_integer.

abstract_literal ::= decimal_literal | based_literal

13.4.1 Decimal literals

175A decimal literal is an abstract literal expressed in the conventional decimal notation (that is, the base is implicitly ten).

decimal_literal ::= integer [ . integer ] [ exponent ] integer ::= digit { [ underline ] digit }

exponent ::= E [ + ] integer | E – integer

180An underline character inserted between adjacent digits of a decimal literal does not affect the value of this abstract literal. The letter E of the exponent, if any, can be written either in lowercase or in uppercase, with the same meaning.

An exponent indicates the power of ten by which the value of the decimal literal without the exponent is to be multiplied to obtain the value of the decimal literal with the exponent. An exponent for an integer literal

185must not have a minus sign.

Examples:

190NOTE—Leading zeros are allowed. No space (SPACE or NBSP) is allowed in an abstract literal, not even between constituents of the exponent, since a space is a separator. A zero exponent is allowed for an integer literal.

13.4.2 Based literals

base ::= integer

based_integer ::=

extended_digit { [ underline ] extended_digit } extended_digit ::= digit | letter

200An underline character inserted between adjacent digits of a based literal does not affect the value of this abstract literal. The base and the exponent, if any, are in decimal notation. The only letters allowed as extended digits are the letters A through F for the digits ten through fifteen. A letter in a based literal (either an extended digit or the letter E of an exponent) can be written either in lowercase or in uppercase, with the same meaning.

205The conventional meaning of based notation is assumed; in particular the value of each extended digit of a based literal must be less than the base. An exponent indicates the power of the base by which the value of the based literal without the exponent is to be multiplied to obtain the value of the based literal with the exponent. An exponent for a based integer literal must not have a minus sign.

13.5 Character literals

A character literal is formed by enclosing one of the 191 graphic characters (including the space and nonbreaking space characters) between two apostrophe characters. A character literal has a value that belongs to a character type.

character_literal ::= ' graphic_character '

220 Examples:

'A' '*' ''' ' '

13.6 String literals

A string literal is formed by a sequence of graphic characters (possibly none) enclosed between two quotation marks used as string brackets.

string_literal ::= " { graphic_character } "

225A string literal has a value that is a sequence of character values corresponding to the graphic characters of the string literal apart from the quotation mark itself. If a quotation-mark value is to be represented in the sequence of character values, then a pair of adjacent quotation marks must be written at the corresponding place within the string literal. (This means that a string literal that includes two adjacent quotation marks is never interpreted as two adjacent string literals.)

230The length of a string literal is the number of character values in the sequence represented. (Each doubled quotation mark is counted as a single character.)

Examples:

NOTE—A string literal must fit on one line, since it is a lexical element (see 13.2). Longer sequences of graphic character values can be obtained by concatenation of string literals. The concatenation operation may also be used to obtain string literals containing nongraphic character values. The predefined type CHARACTER in package STANDARD

240specifies the enumeration literals denoting both graphic and nongraphic characters. Examples of such uses of concatenation are

"FIRST PART OF A SEQUENCE OF CHARACTERS " & "THAT CONTINUES ON THE NEXT LINE"

"Sequence that includes the" & ACK & "control character"