- •1. TABLE OF CONTENTS
- •2. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
- •2.1 TERMINOLOGY
- •2.2 MICROSTRUCTURES
- •2.2.1 Atomic Structures
- •2.2.1.1 - Crystal Structures
- •2.3 IRONS AND STEELS
- •2.3.1 Types of Steel
- •2.3.1.1 - Alloying Elements
- •2.3.2 Making Steels
- •2.3.2.1 - The Ores
- •2.3.2.2 - Coke
- •2.3.2.3 - Flux, Slag
- •2.3.3 The Blast Furnace - How To Make Pig Iron
- •2.3.4 How To Make Steel
- •2.3.4.1 - Electric Furnaces
- •2.3.5 Forming The Steel
- •2.3.6 Stainless Steel
- •2.4 NONFERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS
- •2.4.1 Aluminum
- •2.4.2 Titanium
- •2.5 HEAT TREATING
- •2.6 PAUL JOHNSON NOTES FOR EGR 250
- •2.6.1 Atomic Bonding and Structure
- •2.6.1.1 - Atomic Structure
- •2.6.1.2 - Periodic Table
- •2.6.2 Ideal Crystal Structure
- •2.6.3 Crystal Imperfections
- •2.6.4 Diffusion
- •2.6.5 Mechanical Properties of Metals
- •2.6.6 Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms
- •2.6.7 Phase Diagrams
- •2.6.8 Phase Transformations
- •2.6.9 Metal Alloys
- •2.6.10 Ceramics
- •2.6.11 Electrical Properties
- •2.6.12 Thermal Properties
- •2.6.13 Magnetic Properties of Materials
- •2.6.14 Optical Properties of Materials
- •2.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
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Element |
Effect |
|
|
|
|
Boron |
hardenability, slight improvement of machinability and formability |
|
Calcium |
deoxidant, toughens, slight improvement of machinability and forming |
|
Carbon |
hardenability, strength, hardness, wear resistance, lower ductility, weld- |
|
Cerium |
ability, toughness |
|
Chromium |
controls inclusions, toughens, deoxidant |
|
Cobalt |
toughens, hardenability, wear and corrosion resist, high temp. strength, aid |
|
Copper |
carburization |
|
Lead |
high temperature strength and hardness |
|
Magnesium |
strengthens, resist air corrosion, reduces high temp. workability and sur- |
|
Manganese |
face quality |
|
Molybdenum |
embrittles, machinability |
|
Nickel |
like cerium |
|
Niobium |
hardenability, strength, abrasion resist, machinability, deoxidant, lower |
|
Phosphorous |
weldability |
|
Selenium |
hardenability, wear resist, toughness, high temp. strength, creep resist, |
|
Silicon |
hardness |
|
Sulfur |
strengthens, toughness, corrosion resist, hardenability |
|
Tantalum |
fine grains, strengthens, toughness, lower transition temp., lower harden- |
|
Tellurium |
ability |
|
Titanium |
strengthens, hardenability, corrosion resist, machinability, lower ductility |
|
• Typical elements that are left over from the manufacturing processes leave behind detrimental elements,
-antimony
-arsenic
-hydrogen
-nitrogen
-oxygen
-tin
2.3.2 Making Steels
•The basic process is,
1.Iron ore is mined, and crushed. At this point in contains iron, carbon, oxygen, and a variety of other minerals.
2.The ore is heated in a blast furnace with coke. This removes some of the elements, notably oxygen. Pig iron remains, and has high levels of carbon.
3.A refining furnace is then used to burn off the excess carbon, leaving a good quality