Англійська для ветеринарів та БТФ

IX.Спростуйте твердження або погодьтеся з ними.

Зразок 1: A.: The action is achieved by the chewing of the stomach contents. Do you agree with me?

B: Yes, you are quite right. The action is really achieved by the chewing of the stomach contents. Зразок 2: A.: The food material is transformed from a liquid to a solid state in the stomach.

Do you agree with me?

B:No, that’s wrong. The food material is transformed from a solid to a liquid state in the stomach.

1.The true stomach in cattle and sheep is known as the omasum.

2.The abomasum, rumen and reticulum are considered as pretreatment sacs or pouches.

3.Much mucus is produced in the rumen.

4.The omasum is so named because its lining consists of net-like compartments.

5.The abomasum has walls lined with “leaves” of tough tissue.

6.The complex stomach arrangement enables the ruminant animal to deal with large quantities of food material.

X.Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1.Сичуг має попереду три інші шлунки: рубець, сітку, книжку, що насправді є відділами попередньої обробки або сумками.

2.Рубець – найбільший шлунок. У ньому виробляється багато слизу.

3.Шматок їжі зрештою перетворюється в рідину в рубці.

4.Продукти ферментації мікроорганізмів можуть абсорбуватись через стінку рубця.

5.Наступний шлунок (сітка) виконує функції резерву рідини.

6.Стінки третього шлунка (книжки) вкриті міцною тканиною, де їжа, що залишається, перемелюється.

7.Комплексна система шлунка надає можливість жуйній тварині переробляти міцне волокно в сіні та соломі, яке без такої особливої обробки не буде перетравленим.

XI. Перекажіть текст.

THE RUMINANT STOMACH

The true stomach in cattle and sheep is known as the abomasum. This stomach is preceded by three other “stomachs” which are really pretreatment sacs or pouches. The first is the rumen in which much mucus is produced. The food bolus can be returned to the mouth for further chewing, but in the rumen it is eventually liquefied. The products of micro-organism fermentation can be absorbed through the rumen wall whose surface area is increased by many small projections.

The next “stomach”, the reticulum, is so named because its lining consists of net-like compartments. It functions mainly as a fluid store.

The third “stomach”, the omasum, has walls lined with “leaves” of tough tissues between which the remaining fibrous food material is ground. This complex stomach arrangement enables the ruminant animal to deal with large quantities of food material containing carbohydrates in the form of cellulose,

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the tough fibre in hay and straw, which without this special treatment would be indigestible and therefore of no value to the animal.

UNIT 10

THE SKELETON

Повторіть слова за диктором:

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Прочитайте текст та перекладіть його українською мовою.

THE SKELETON

The skeleton is the framework of hard tissue which supports, protects, gives shape and rigidity to the bodies of animals. The skeleton also provides an anchorage (attachment) for muscles. In structure it is either an exoskeleton or an endoskeleton.

The exoskeleton is a skeleton covering the body, or situated beneath the skin, e.g. the hard covering of chitin, found in insects; the calciferous shell of mollusks; the bony plates of a tortoise, etc.

The endoskeleton is situated inside the body of an animal. Animals possessing an endoskeleton, may also have an exoskeleton e.g. the exoskeleton of a turtle, an animal with a vertebrate endoskeleton.

The endoskeleton consists of the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton includes the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs, and the sternum.

The skull consists of the cranium and facial skeleton. The cranium is composed of several bones joined by sutures. It encloses (houses) and protects the brain. The facial skeleton includes the sense organs, the jaws, the hyoid bone, and the cartilages of the pharynx and the larynx.

The vertebral column is a flexible column of bones, which gives the support for the body of higher animals and protects the spinal cord. The individual bones are called vertebrae. The vertebral column is subdivided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal regions.

The ribs are flat curved bones articulating with the vertebral column at one end, either connected to the sternum or free at the other end. They encircle and protect the thoracic cavity. The ribs are connected by intercostal muscles.

The sternum or breastbone is the narrow bone in the front of the chest to which most of the ribs are attached.

The appendicular skeleton comprises the bones of the limbs. The limbs formed by long bones enable an animal to walk, because the bones are joined by hinge joints.

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1.What is the skeleton?

2.What are the functions of the skeleton?

3.What is the exoskeleton?

4.Where is the endoskeleton situated?

5.What does the endoskeleton consist of?

6.What does the axial skeleton include?

7.What does the skull consist of?

8.What is the cranium composed of?

9.What is the function of the cranium?

10.What does the facial skeleton include?

11.What is the vertebral column?

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12.How are the individual bones of the vertebral column called?

13.What is the vertebral column subdivided into?

14.What are the ribs?

15.What do the ribs encircle and protect?

16.What is the sternum?

17.What does the appendicular skeleton comprise?

18.What do the limbs enable?

Вправи

I.Підберіть до англійських слів у лівій колонці їх українські еквіваленти з правої колонки.

II. Підберіть до українських слів у лівій колонці їх англійські еквіваленти з правої колонки.

III.Підберіть до англійських словосполучень у лівій колонці їх українські еквіваленти з правої колонки.

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IV.Підберіть до українських словосполучень у лівій колонці англійські еквіваленти з правої колонки.

VI.Згрупуйте подані нижче слова за частинами мови.

Insect, cervical, higher, comprise, chitin, appendicular, attachment, facial, flexible, axial, enclose, posses, framework, include, muscle, covering, calciferous, spinal, attach, rigidity, enable, join, vertebral, bony, lumbar, anchorage, vertebrate, body, compose, exoskeleton.

VII.Заповніть пропуски у реченнях, використовуючи слова у дужках.

1.The skull consists of the cranium and the _________. 2.The individual bones are called __________ .

3.The ___________are flat curved bones.

4.The cranium is composed of several bones joined by ____________. 5.The skeleton supports the _____________of animals.

6.The exoskeleton consists of the ____________and the appendicular. 7.The hard covering of ______________ is found in insects.

8.Most of the mollusks have the _______________ shells. 9. The skeleton is the framework of hard _____________.

10.The ____________ is situated inside the body of an animal. 11.The ribs protect the thoracic _____________.

12.The sternum or _______________is the narrow bone in the front of the chest.

(calciferous, endoskeleton, cavity, tissue, chitin, axial skeleton, facial skeleton, ribs, sutures, breastbone, bodies, vertebrae).

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VIII.Підберіть терміни до їх визначень.

IX.Виконайте вправу за зразком, звертаючи увагу на форми присудків.

Зразок: The bodies of animals are supported by the skeleton. – Passive Voice. The skeleton supports the bodies of animals. – Active Voice.

1.The brain is enclosed by the skull.

2.The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column.

3.The thoracic cavity is protected by the ribs.

4.The sense organs are enclosed by the facial skeleton.

5.The anchorage for muscles is provided by the skeleton.

6.The bodies of some animals are covered by the exoskeleton.

X. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у Present Simple Passive Voice. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1.The covering of the chitin (to find) in insects.

2.The bones of the cranium (to join) by sutures.

3.The support for the body of higher animals (to do) by the vertebral column.

4.The endoskeleton (to situate) inside the body of an animal.

5.The cranium (to compose) of several bones.

6.The brain (to protect) by the bones of the skull.

7.The thoracic cavity (to encircle) by the ribs.

XI.Виберіть в дужках відповідну форму дієслова. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1.The ribs (is connected, connect, are connected) by intercostal muscles.

2.A small bone called lacrimal (are perforated, is perforated, perforates) by a small canal for the lacrimal duct.

3.The bones of the limbs (are joined, join, is joined) by hinge joints.

4.The vertebral column (are subdivided, is subdivided, subdivided) into several regions.

5.The exoskeleton is usually (compose, composes, composed) of substances secreted by the epidermal cells.

6.The limbs (form, is formed, are formed) by long bones.

7.Most of the ribs (are attached, is attached, attach) to the sternum.

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XII. Утворіть питальні та заперечні форми речень.

Зразок: The bones of the limbs are joined by hinge joints.

Питання:

1)Are the bones of the limbs joined by hinge joints? (Загальне).

2)What are the bones of the limbs joined by? (Спеціальне).

3)Are the bones of the limbs joined by hinge joints or by sutures? (Альтернативне).

4)The bones of the limbs are joined by hinge joints, aren’t they? (Розділове). Заперечення:The bones of the limbs are not joined by sutures.

1.The limbs enable an animal to walk.

2.The appendicular skeleton comprises the bones of the limbs. 3.Most of the ribs are attached to the sternum.

4.The sternum or breastbone is the narrow bone in the front of the chest. 5.The ribs are connected by intercostal muscles.

6.The ribs encircle and protect the thoracic cavity. 7.The ribs articulate with the vertebral column. 8.The ribs are flat curved bones.

9.The individual bones of the vertebral column are called vertebrae. 10.The vertebral column is a flexible column of bones.

XIII.Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1.The facial skeleton includes the sense organs, the jaws, the hyoid bone, and the cartilages of the pharynx and the larynx.

2.The cranium is composed of several bones joined by sutures.

3.The cranium encloses and protects the brain.

4.The skull consists of the cranium and the facial skeleton.

5.The axial skeleton includes the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs, and the sternum.

6.The endoskeleton consists of the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

7.Animals possessing an endoskeleton may also have an exoskeleton.

8.The endoskeleton is situated inside the body of an animal.

9.The exoskeleton is a skeleton covering the body, or situated beneath the skin.

10.The skeleton provides an anchorage for muscles.

XIV Спростуйте твердження або погодьтеся з ними.

Зразок 1: - The skeleton is the framework of hard tissue, which supports the bodies of protozoa. - No, that’s wrong. (You are not right). The skeleton supports the bodies of animals.

Зразок 2: The skeleton provides an anchorage for muscles.

-Yes, that’s right (You are (quite) right). The skeleton provides an anchorage for muscles.

1.The cranium encloses and protects the brain.

2.The cranium is composed of several bones joined by intercostal muscles.

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3.The skeleton gives shape and rigidity to the bodies of animals.

4.The vertebral column gives the support for the body of insects.

5.The ribs are flat curved bones.

6.The vertebral column is a flexible column of bones.

7.The ribs protect the brain.

8.The ribs are connected by cartilage.

9.In structure the skeleton is either an exoskeleton or an axial skeleton.

10.The exoskeleton is a skeleton covering the body.

XV.Складіть речення та перекладіть їх українською мовою.

XVI. Перекладіть речення англійською мовою.

1.Скелет – це каркас із твердої тканини, який підтримує та захищає тіло тварин.

2.Скелет забезпечує приєднання м’язів.

3.За структурою скелет підрозділяється на зовнішній та внутрішній скелети.

4.Зовнішній скелет покриває тіло тварин.

5.Внутрішній скелет знаходиться усередині тіла тварини.

6.Тварини з внутрішнім скелетом можуть також мати зовнішній скелет.

7.Внутрішній скелет складається з аксіального (осьового) та апендикулярного скелетів.

8.Аксіальний скелет має в своєму складі череп, хребетний стовп, ребра та грудину.

9.Череп складається з мозкового та лицевого черепа.

10.Мозковий череп складається з декількох кісток, з’єднаних швами.

11.Мозковий череп захищає мозок.

12.Лицевий скелет включає органи чуття, щелепи, під’язикову кістку та хрящі глотки і гортані.

13.Хребет – це гнучкий стовп з кісток, який підтримує тіло вищих тварин.

14.Хребетний стовп захищає спинний мозок.

15.Окремі кістки хребетного стовпа називаються хребцями.

16.Хребетний стовп складається з шийної, грудної, поперекової, крижової та хвостової частин.

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17.Ребра – це плоскі й вигнуті кістки.

18.Ребра захищають грудну порожнину.

19.Ребра з’єднуються міжреберними м’язами.

20.Грудина – це вузька кістка у передній частині грудної клітки.

21.Апендикулярний скелет містить кістки кінцівок.

22.Кінцівки дають тварині можливість ходити.

XVII. Перекажіть текст.

THE SKELETON

The skeleton is the framework of hard tissue, which supports and protects the bodies of animals. In structure it is either an exoskeleton or an endoskeleton. The exoskeleton is a skeleton covering the body, or situated beneath the skin. The endoskeleton is situated inside the body of an animal. The endoskeleton consists of the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton includes the skull, the vertebral column, the ribs, and the sternum.

The skull consists of the cranium and the facial skeleton. The cranium houses and protects the brain. The facial skeleton includes the sense organs, the jaws, the hyoid bone, and the cartilages of the pharynx and larynx.

The vertebral column supports the body of higher animals and protects the spinal cord. The ribs are flat curved bones, which protect the thoracic cavity.

The appendicular skeleton comprises the bones of the limbs. The limbs enable an animal to walk.

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Прочитайте та перекладіть текст, використовуючи поданий список слів.

DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS

Agriculture and animal raising required the domestication of both animals and plants, raising of species useful for human beeings, and taking care of the factors that kept them alive and productive.

Domestication made the species dependent on humans. Economic necessity is probably the main factor leading to the birth of agriculture.

Domestication of animals is more than taming. Their habitat is restricted, protection assured, food supply maintained, and most important, breeding farm animals is done under human management and control. Animals were domesticated for the following purposes: as a source of food, clothing, etc; as assistants used in various human activities; as pets.

Cattle are the most important of the animals domesticated by man and, next to the dog, the most ancient. Domesticated cattle belong to the family Bovidae, which also includes the buffalo, the bison, yak, zebu and some others.

The dog is likely to be most widely distributed and variably used domesticated animal. It assists hunting, draws sledges in northern regions, a hairless type is bred for producing food in Mexico, helps the police, watches man`s dwelling etc. Besides, a dog is really our best friend, which trusts you and is always happy to see you.

Pigs were domesticated in China around 4900 B.C., about 7.000 years ago. They have been domesticated in Thailand as early as 10.000 B.C. Pigs are good to eat and prolific. So it`s no wonder pigs have become among the most popular of domestic animals. They have been introduced to all continents but Antarctica. Most modern pig breeds were developed in Europe, from where they were first introduced into the New World. Spanish explorers brought the first pigs to the Southeast in the early 16th century, not long after Columbus had discovered America.

The horse was perhaps domesticated in Central Asia, where Przhevalsky horse is still found wild

today.

In addition to the animals mentioned above there are some other animals that have been successfully domesticated by man. They are fowls, camels, goats, sheep, bees and others.

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