Начертательная геометрия
.pdf14. % |
301 |
' D , " D ' + , , D' - ' " . D ' , ' - ' + D " . @ ' - D " " (- , +, ). ' D )" , D;D " . , D' + , . , . . , D - , ' , D' - + , .
+ – " D' ( , D'" ( ' .
+ D " D' ' ) . ;- ( D - ' . D ,( – .
+ ( + ) " D' ' )' ) . # , + . -D , , , , D . . , - ' ) + , D .
7 D (. # " D " ', D .) -, - " , . < D "-, -, -+ . ) " D : , , , , , . # ( D : + – -( , -, ' – " , " + "+ ( . < ' , " ( , !, ( -
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. + " ( + ( "-' ), + ( - ' ) " + . ++ -+ , ( ( . <-+ D' ," 90 + , -. #" , -+ . N D , D , , D . " ' – -– .
< " - : , , , " . @ , D' D -.
14.2. ":# + ( - / 0 # " + & "% ! "A" "'o +
>1-– , ' ; -– ; -– , D) D ( , , , " . .). -' D " " , (-> – .
= " D– . " -+ ;( , - , ); – , -( .
& +D D " " ; -- + ; ; - ; ; ; -- – ;.
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' -D . ! " -. D. "D ) " , -, , ". .
# D -" ", : M 1, M 2, &Ol, &O2. «; » %#$ 21.10197 ( M, . M.l).
& D , " , - " D' " , " - , 2345-12-M=, " 2345 – " + ) > ; 12 – " -; 2345-12 – ; M= – " -.
" + D D :
1)' ;
2)( , , " , " ( ;
3);
4)) ;
5)( );
6)( + );
7)( " ;
8)( " ;
9)( ( , ) " );
10)) %#$
=21.1101-70.
14.3. " !=" % & ) " A k%- &+"A" "k" : %* & "% ! (, - / ,
-D' : 1) /-(/ &C), D-
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' ; 2)( C ); 3) D' -) . -C D 1977 ". / &C. & )C / &C " , 21, ) " , -) " – " .
C ) " : 0 – ' ; 1 – ' ) -; 2 – ' ; 3 –- ; 4 – " - ; 5 – - ; 6 – - " ( , , . .); 7 –; 8 – +- , M !; 9 – .
C ' - "- , D-, ) - ' .
D : ' ) -" ) ; +- , -(M !); - " ) ; - D ) (! C) / ) - ( ) (/ && $B*).
*+ %#$ 2.305-68, %#$ 21.101-79." D. ' D ) ,( ) – " . & , + , .
; + D , D, " D' C . / + -" ) . + -
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" D " . /) D , D -' . B ' D -: 2, 3, 4- 1-8 12-16, 1-12 12-1. @ ;D , (. # ) - D .
3", + D 10. @ ( "" > .
, , " D " . , , ) "" D.
14.4. ")> ! * +"" )% $%* =: " & "% !&
! " " *$ ( ) :)
B " - . # " – , ' , + , -., -, , " ( .
/ ;&" ' >- -( , -.
‹- ! > , , + " ( . +-! " D D >--" ( .
= >- ( -' ' D -- . ;&= " ( . 14.2), ' D ' " .
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1 – 4 ; 2 – 1 ; 3 –
= . 14.2
>- (-, . " 100;. –D " -" .
! ( ) D' : 6000, 3000, 1500, 1200, 600, 300 . * D : 60;, 30;, 15;, 12;, 6;, 3;.
C ( ) 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 1 . * -1/;, 1/5;, l/10;, 1/20;, 1/50;, l/100;.
! D + " ( . C D, , . ., , + , ' . .
4 ! ( . 14.3), , " . .
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= . 14.3
= ( D -( . 14.4). 4 l0 -, D' " ". 4 -l , . &-+ + " .
= . 14.4
I( . B , D' -
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' ( ), D
– . = ( ) -5. ? ". = ( ) -, D' -' ( " , " ) () ), ( .14.5). + " .
4 ! : 1 – , 2 – -, 3 – , 4 – , 5 – -, 6 –
= . 14.5
I ( ! D " ( ( , " + . " ( , ' " -' ( " ( . 14.6, ). -( ( + " - D " ' ( . 14.6, ).
= + " , , (D. = (D.
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= ( D - ' D . =- D D -.
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= . 14.6 |
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: * ( " |
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4 D l -, , ( , ( , -;&= .
& ( . 14.7) D + -l0 +( , -). = + D
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, (-, .
3 ‹- 1 L – -' ( .
l0 ( ( -, D D' -+; -' + ( .
= . 14.7
4 l – ( - , .
( – ( ), D' ,.