21: rE[ITX ZADA^U kO[I. y0 ; y tgx = sin2 x y(0) = 2:
nAJD<M SNA^ALA OB]EE RE[ENIE \TOGO URAWNENIQ.
1) rE[ENIE URAWNENIQ I]EM W WIDE PROIZWEDENIQ DWUH FUNKCIJ
y= U(x) V (x): tOGDA y0 = U0 V + V 0 U.
2)pODSTAWLQEM WYRAVENIE DLQ FUNKCII I EE PROIZWODNOJ W URAW-
NENIE, GRUPPIRUEM WTOROE I TRETXE SLAGAEMYE I WYNOSIM OB]IJ MNO-
VITELX |
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U0V +V 0U |
;UV tg x = sin2 x ) |
U0V +U(V 0 |
;V tg x) = sin2 x: |
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3) pRIRAWNIWAQ WYRAVENIE W SKOBKAH K NUL@, POLU^AEM SISTEMU |
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DWUH DIFFERENCIALXNYH URAWNENIJ DLQ NAHOVDENIQ FUNKCIJ U(x) |
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8 |
V 0 |
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V tg x = 0 |
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U0V = sin x: |
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4) iZ 1-GO URAWNENIQ NAHODIM FUNKCI@ V |
(x): |
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V 0 ; V tg x = 0 |
dVdx = V tg x dVV = tg x dx |
ln V = ; ln cos x |
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cos x |
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5) pOLU^ENNOE WYRAVENIE DLQ FUNKCII V PODSTAWLQEM WO 2-E URAW- |
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NENIE SISTEMY |
U0V = sin2 x I NAHODIM WTORU@ FUNKCI@ U(x) |
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U0 |
1 |
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sin2 x |
U0 |
= sin2 x cos x |
U = |
Z sin2 x d(sin x) |
U = |
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sin3 x + C: |
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6) zAPISYWAEM OB]EE RE[ENIE y = U(x)V (x) = 0sin3 x |
+ C1 |
1 |
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@ |
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A cos x |
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iSPOLXZUQ NA^ALXNOE USLOWIE y(0) = 2 NAHODIM POSTOQNNU@ C: |
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sin3 0 |
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2 = 0 3 |
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C = 2: |
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cos 0 |
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iSKOMOE RE[ENIE ZADA^I kO[I |
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y = 0sin |
x + 21 |
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22: (xy0 ; 1) ln x + 2y = 0: |
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dANNOE URAWNENIE NEOBHODIMO SNA^ALA PREOBRAZOWATX K KLASSI^ES- KOMU WIDU. dLQ \TOGO RASKRYWAEM SKOBKI, PERENOSIM ^LENY IZ ODNOJ ^ASTI URAWNENIQ W DRUGU@, DELIM NA KO\FFICIENT PRI y0:
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pOLU^IM PREOBRAZOWANNOE URAWNENIE W WIDE y0 + |
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dALXNEJ[EE RE[ENIE PO STANDARTNOJ SHEME. |
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1) rE[ENIE URAWNENIQ I]EM W WIDE PROIZWEDENIQ DWUH FUNKCIJ
y= U(x) V (x): tOGDA y0 = U0 V + V 0 U.
2)pODSTAWLQEM WYRAVENIE DLQ FUNKCII I EE PROIZWODNOJ W URAW- NENIE, GRUPPIRUEM WTOROE I TRETXE SLAGAEMYE I WYNOSIM OB]IJ MNO-
VITELX |
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2UV |
1 |
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U0V + V 0U + |
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) U0V + U V 0 |
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x ln x |
3) pRIRAWNIWAQ WYRAVENIE W SKOBKAH K NUL@, POLU^AEM SISTEMU
DWUH DIFFERENCIALXNYH URAWNENIJ DLQ NAHOVDENIQ FUNKCIJ U(x)
I V (x)
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8 |
V 0 |
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x ln x |
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< |
U0V = 1=x: |
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4) |
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V (x): |
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iZ |
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GO URAWNENIQ NAHODIM FUNKCI@ |
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V 0 |
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V = 0 ) |
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= ; |
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dx ) ln V = ;2 ln ln x ) |
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x ln x |
V |
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V = |
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ln |
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5) iZ 2-GO URAWNENIQ SISTEMY NAHODIM WTORU@ FUNKCI@ U(x) |
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U0 |
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dU |
= ln2 x |
U = ln3 x + C |
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ln x |
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6) oB]EE RE[ENIE |
y(x) = UV = 0 |
+ C1 |
1 |
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ln x |
+ |
C |
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@ 3 |
A ln |
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zAME^ANIE. iNOGDA PRIHODITSQ RE[ATX URAWNENIQ, KOTORYE, QWLQ- QSX NELINEJNYMI OTNOSITELXNO FUNKCII y(x) OKAZYWA@TSQ LINEJ- NYMI OTNOSITELXNO PEREMENNOJ x. w \TOM SLU^AE URAWNENIE PREOBRA- ZUETSQ K LINEJNOMU OTNOSITELXNO FUNKCII x(y) : x0+P (y) x = Q(y):
23: ey2 (dx ; 2x y dy) = y dy.
uRAWNENIE NE QWLQETSQ LINEJNYM OTNOSITELXNO y: nO MOVNO ZAME- TITX, ^TO PEREMENNAQ x I EE DIFFERENCIAL WHODQT W PERWYH STEPENQH I NE PEREMNOVA@TSQ, PO\TOMU RE[AEM \TO URAWNENIE KAK LINEJNOE
OTNOSITELXNO x. pREOBRAZUEM EGO K KLASSI^ESKOMU WIDU. |
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y2 |
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= y x0 ;2y x = y e; |
y2 |
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dy = y dy e |
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;2x y e |
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1) pODSTANOWKA |
x(y) = U(y)V (y) x0 |
= U0V + V 0U: |
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2) pODSTAWLQEM W URAWNENIE |
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; 2yV ) = y e;y2 : |
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U0V + UV 0 ; 2yUV = y e;y2 |
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U0V + U(V 0 |
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3) zAPISYWAEM SISTEMU 8 |
V 0 |
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2y V = 0 |
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y2 |
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U0V = y e; |
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4) V 0 ;2y V = 0 |
dVdy =:2y V |
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dVV = 2y dy |
ln V = y2 V = ey2 : |
5) U0 ey2 = y e;y2 U0 = y e;2y2 U = Z y e;2y2 dy = ;14 e;2y2 + C:
6) oB]EE RE[ENIE x(y) = U(y) V (y) = ey2 C ; 14 e;2y2 !:
mETOD lAGRANVA (WARIACII PROIZWOLXNOJ POSTOQNNOJ)
rE[ENIE LINEJNOGO URAWNENIQ y0 + P(x) y = Q(x) METODOM WARIA- CII SOSTOIT IZ DWUH \TAPOW.
1)nAHODIM OB]EE RE[ENIE ODNORODNOGO URAWNENIQ y0 +P(x) y = 0: pOLU^AEM FUNKCI@ y = y(x C) GDE C; PROIZWOLXNAQ POSTOQNNAQ.
2)rE[ENIE ISHODNOGO URAWNENIQ I]EM W TOM VE WIDE, NO S^ITAEM C = C(x): pODSTAWLQEM FUNKCI@ y = y(x C(x)) W ISHODNOE URAWNE- NIE, NAHODIM FUNKCI@ C(x) I ZAPISYWAEM OB]EE RE[ENIE ISHODNOGO URAWNENIQ.
24: xy0 ; y = ;2 ln x:
zAPI[EM URAWNENIE W WIDE |
y0 ; xy = ;2xln x: |
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rE[AEM SOOTWETSTWU@]EE ODNORODNOE URAWNENIE y0 |
; xy = 0: |
dy |
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dy |
dx |
dy |
dx |
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= x ) |
y |
= x ) Z |
y = Z |
x |
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ln y = ln x + ln C ) y = C x:
S RAZDELQ@]IMISQ
2) rE[ENIE ISHODNOGO URAWNENIQ I]EM W WIDE y = C(x) x: pODSTAWIM \TU FUNKCI@ W URAWNENIE I OPREDELIM C(x).
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(C x)0 ; |
C x |
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2 ln x |
) C0 x + C ; C = ; |
2 ln x |
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2 ln x |
:C(x) = ;2 Z |
ln x |
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dx ) C(x) = x |
(ln x + 1) + C: |
3) zAPISYWAEM OB]EE RE[ENIE ISHODNOGO URAWNENIQ:
y = C(x) x = "x2 (ln x + 1) + C # x:
1.2.5. |
uRAWNENIQ WIDA |
y0 + P(x) y = Q(x) y |
k |
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URAWNENIQ bERNULLI
uRAWNENIE y0 = f(x y) QWLQETSQ URAWNENIEM bERNULLI, ESLI PRAWAQ ^ASTX URAWNENIQ IMEET WID f(x y) = a(x)y + b(x)yk GDE k; L@BOE RACIONALXNOE ^ISLO, ISKL@^AQ SLU^AI k = 0 I k = 1: pRI k = 0 URAWNENIE QWLQETSQ LINEJNYM, A PRI k = 1 ;
PEREMENNYMI.
"kLASSI^ESKAQ" FORMA URAWNENIQ bERNULLI
y0 + P (x) y = Q(x) yk:
mOVNO POKAZATX, ^TO URAWNENIE bERNULLI SWODITSQ K LINEJNOMU, PO- \TOMU PRI RE[ENII KONKRETNYH PRIMEROW URAWNENIE bERNULLI RE[A- ETSQ TAK VE KAK I LINEJNOE LIBO METODOM PODSTANOWKI, LIBO METODOM WARIACII.
25: y0 + x2 y = tgxx py:
1) |
rE[ENIE URAWNENIQ I]EM W WIDE: |
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y(x) = U(x)V (x) |
TOGDA y0 = U0V + V 0U |
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2) |
pODSTAWLQEM W ISHODNOE URAWNENIE |
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U0V +UV 0+ 2 UV = |
tg x |
p |
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U |
0V +U(V 0+ |
2 |
V ) = |
tg x |
p |
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UV |
UV |
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27: rE[ITX ZADA^U kO[I y0 + x y = (1 + x) e;x y2 y(0) = 1:
pROILL@STRIRUEM NA \TOM PRIMERE RE[ENIE URAWNENIQ bERNULLI METODOM WARIACII PROIZWOLXNOJ POSTOQNNOJ.
1) i]EM RE[ENIE ODNORODNOGO URAWNENIQ
y0 + x y = 0 dxdy = ;x y ) dyy = ;x dx )
2 |
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ln y = ; 2 + ln C ) y = C e;x =2: |
2) pOLAGAEM C = C(x) I RE[ENIE ISHODNOGO URAWNENIQ I]EM W FORME y = C(x) e;x2=2:
pODSTAWLQEM \TO WYRAVENIE W ISHODNOE URAWNENIE.
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C e;x2=2 0 + x C e;x2=2 = (1 + x) e;x C e;x2=2 2 |
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C0 e;x2=2 + C e;x2=2 ( |
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x) + x C e;x2=2 = (1 + x) e;x C2 e;x2 : |
2 |
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C0 e;x |
=2 = (1 + x) e;x C2 e;x |
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C0 = (1 + x) e;x C2 e;x |
ex =2 |
dCC2 = (1 + x) e;(x+x2=2) dx |
Z |
dCC2 = Z (1 + x) e;(x+x2=2) |
Z dCC2 = Z e;(x+x2=2) d(x + x2=2) |
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= ;e;(x+x2=2) ; |
C |
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e;(x+x2=2) + |
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pODSTAWLQEM NAJDENNOE C(x) W FORMU OB]EGO RE[ENIQ y = C(x) e;x2=2:
oB]EE RE[ENIE ISHODNOGO URAWNENIQ y = |
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e;x2=2 |
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e |
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=2) |
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+ C |
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dLQ POLU^ENIQ ^ASTNOGO RE[ENIQ PODSTAWIM NA^ALXNOE USLOWIE W PO- LU^ENNOE OB]EE RE[ENIE
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e0 + |
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C |
1.2.6. uRAWNENIQ WIDA P (x y) dx + Q(x y) dy = 0 |
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URAWNENIQ W POLNYH DIFFERENCIALAH |
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uRAWNENIE P(x y) dx + Q(x y) dy = 0 QWLQETSQ URAWNENIEM W POL- NYH DIFFERENCIALAH, ESLI WYPOLNQETSQ USLOWIE
@P(x y) = @Q(x y): @y @x
zAMETIM, ^TO WSE RASSMOTRENNYE RANEE URAWNENIQ 1-GO PORQDKA MOV- NO ZAPISATX W DIFFERENCIALXNOJ FORME P (x y) dx + Q(x y) dy = 0, NO NE DLQ WSQKOGO BUDET WYPOLNQTXSQ UKAZANNYJ KRITERIJ.
iNTEGRIROWANIE URAWNENIQ W POLNYH DIFFERENCIALAH PROWODITSQ
SLEDU@]IM OBRAZOM. |
@P (x y) |
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@Q(x y) |
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1) pROWERQEM WYPOLNENIE USLOWIQ |
= |
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2) eSLI USLOWIE WYPOLNQETSQ, TO LEWAQ ^ASTX URAWNENIQ ESTX POL- NYJ DIFFERENCIAL NEKOTOROJ, POKA NEIZWESTNOJ, FUNKCII U(x y) T.E. P(x y) dx + Q(x y) dy = d U(x y): tOGDA, W SOOTWETSTWII S URAW- NENIEM, dU(x y) = 0 I PO\TOMU OB]IJ INTEGRAL URAWNENIQ W POLNYH DIFFERENCIALAH ZAPI[ETSQ W WIDE U(x y) = C:
tAKIM OBRAZOM, RE[ENIE URAWNENIQ SWODITSQ K NAHOVDENI@ FUNKCII
U(x y):
dLQ NAHOVDENIQ FUNKCII U(x y) SRAWNIM WYRAVENIE DLQ POLNOGO
DIFFERENCIALA FUNKCII DWUH PEREMENNYH |
dU = @U@x dx + @U@y dy |
S LEWOJ ^ASTX@ URAWNENIQ P(x y)dx + Q(x y)dy = dU |
MOVEM ZAPISATX, ^TO |
@U@x = P (x y) |
@U@y = Q(x y): |
|TI SOOTNO[ENIQ I ISPOLXZU@TSQ DLQ NAHOVDENIQ FUNKCII U(x y): rASSMOTRIM OSNOWNYE \TAPY \TOGO METODA NA PRIMERAH.
28: 3x2 y + 2y + 3 dx + (x3 + 2x + 3y2) dy = 0:
1) pROWERQEM USLOWIE @P@y = @Q@x |
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3x2 y + 2y + 3 = 3x2 + 2 |
@ |
x3 + 2x + 3y2 = 3x2 + 2: |
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@x |
iTAK, KRITERIJ WYPOLNQETSQ NA WSEJ PLOSKOSTI. dANNOE URAWNENIE
QWLQETSQ URAWNENIEM W POLNYH DIFFERENCIALAH. |
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2) nAHODIM FUNKCI@ |
U(x y): |
dLQ \TOGO INTEGRIRUEM PO x FUNK- |
CI@ P (x y) (\TA FUNKCIQ QWLQETSQ PROIZWODNOJ FUNKCII U(x y) PO |
x). pEREMENNAQ |
y PRI \TOM S^ITAETSQ POSTOQNNOJ |
Z |
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3 |
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U(x y) = |
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dx = y |
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3x2 dx + 2y |
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dx + 3 |
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dx = |
= x y + 2xy + 3x + (y):
zDESX POSTOQNNAQ INTEGRIROWANIQ ZAPISYWAETSQ W WIDE FUNKCII (y) (PROIZWODNAQ \TOJ FUNKCII PO x RAWNA NUL@) I \TA FUNKCIQ PODLE- VIT OPREDELENI@.
3) tAK KAK @U@y = Q(x y) |
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TO POLU^ENNOE WYRAVENIE DLQ U(x y) : |
U(x y) = x3 y + 2xy + 3x + (y) |
DIFFERENCIRUEM PO PEREMEN- |
NOJ |
y |
I PRIRAWNIWAEM K FUNKCII |
Q(x y): |
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U0 |
(x y) = x3 y + 2xy + 3x + (y) 0 = x3 + 2x + 0 |
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Q(x y) = x + 2x + 3y |
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iTAK, |
x3 + 2x + 0 |
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+ 2x + 3y2 |
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0 = 3y2: |
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iNTEGRIRUEM PO y |
I POLU^AEM |
(y) = Z 3y2 dy = y3: |
(pOSTOQNNU@ INTEGRIROWANIQ ZDESX MOVNO NE DOPISYWATX, TAK KAK |
NAM NUVNA ODNA IZ PERWOOBRAZNYH). |
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tOGDA WYRAVENIE DLQ FUNKCII |
U(x y) PRIMET WID |
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U(x y) = x3 y + 2xy + 3x + y3 |
I OB]IJ INTEGRAL |
URAWNENIQ U(x y) = C ILI x3 y + y3 + 2xy + 3x = C:
oTMETIM, ^TO WSEGDA MOVNO UBEDITXSQ W PRAWILXNOSTI POLU^ENNOGO RE[ENIQ, PRODIFFERENCIROWAW WYRAVENIE DLQ FUNKCII U(x y) PO
PEREMENNYM x I |
y I PRIRAWNQW SOOTWETSTWENNO K FUNKCIQM |
P(x y) I Q(x y): |
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x3 y + y3 + 2xy + 3x x0 |
= 3x2 y + 2y + 3 = P (x y) |
x3 y + y3 + 2xy + 3x y0 |
= x3 + 2x + 3y2 = Q(x y): |
pROWERKA PODTWERVDAET PRAWILXNOSTX POLU^ENNOGO RE[ENIQ. |
29: 0x1 ; |
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1 dx + 0 |
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; 1y1 dy = 0: |
(x y)2 |
(x y)2 |
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@Q |
1) pROWERQEM USLOWIE |
@y = |
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2xy |
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iTAK, |
KRITERIJ WYPOLNQETSQ. dANNOE URAWNENIE QWLQETSQ URAWNENI- |
EM W POLNYH DIFFERENCIALAH. |
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2) nAHODIM FUNKCI@ |
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dLQ \TOGO INTEGRIRUEM PO x FUNK- |
CI@ P (x y) |
(\TA FUNKCIQ QWLQETSQ PROIZWODNOJ FUNKCII U(x y) |
PO |
x). pEREMENNAQ y |
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PRI \TOM S^ITAETSQ POSTOQNNOJ |
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U(x y) = |
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3) nAHODIM FUNKCI@ |
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(y) IZ USLOWIQ |
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Uy0 |
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dLQ \TOGO POLU^ENNOE WYRAVENIE DLQ |
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U(x y) : |
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U(x y) = ln x + |
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DIFFERENCIRUEM PO PEREMENNOJ y |
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x ; y |
PRIRAWNIWAEM K FUNKCII |
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Q(x y): |
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U0 (x y) = 2y(x ; y) ; y2(;1) + |
0 = 2xy ; y2 + 0 |
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Q(x y) = |
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tOGDA |
2xy ; y |
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iNTEGRIRUQ PO |
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y POLU^IM |
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(y) = |
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1 ; 1y! dy = y ; ln y: |
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(pOSTOQNNU@ INTEGRIROWANIQ ZDESX MOVNO NE DOPISYWATX, TAK KAK |
NAM NUVNA ODNA IZ PERWOOBRAZNYH). |
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tOGDA WYRAVENIE DLQ FUNKCII |
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U(x y) PRIMET WID |
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U(x y) = ln x + |
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+ y |
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ln x |
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xy |
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I OB]IJ INTEGRAL |
URAWNENIQ |
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U(x y) = C |
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ILI |
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= C: |
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sPOSOB 2. mOVNO PREDLOVITX I UPRO]ENNYJ WARIANT RE[ENIQ URAW- NENIQ W POLNYH DIFFERENCIALAH, SHEMA KOTOROGO SOSTOIT W SLEDU@- ]EM.
pUSTX TREBUETSQ RE[ITX URAWNENIE WIDA
P (x y) dx + Q(x y) dy = 0:
1) pROWERQEM USLOWIE P 0 |
= Q0 : |
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y |
8 |
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2) zAPISYWAEM SISTEMU |
U0 = P (x y) |
x |
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< |
Uy0 = Q(x y): |
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3) iNTEGRIRUQ PERWOE URAWNENIE SISTEMY PO x A WTOROE PO y NAHODIM |
FUNKCII U1(x y) I U2(x y): |
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U1(x y) = |
P (x y)dx |
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< |
U2(x y) = |
R Q(x y)dy: |
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pRI^EM PERWYJ INTEGRAL BERETSQ W PREDPOLOVENII, ^TO y = const A |
WO WTOROM - x = const: |
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4) zAPISYWAEM FUNKCI@ |
U(x y) = U1(x y)+ NEDOSTA@]IE SLA- |
GAEMYE IZ WYRAVENIQ DLQ |
U2(x y): |
5) pRIRAWNIWAQ POLU^ENNU@ FUNKCI@ KONSTANTE, POLU^AEM OB]IJ INTEGRAL ISHODNOGO URAWNENIQ U(x y) = C:
z A M E ^ A N I E. pRI RE[ENII URAWNENIJ TAKIM SPOSOBOM OBQZATELXNO NUVNO PROWERITX, UDOWLETWORQET LI POLU^ENNAQ FUNK-
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CIQ U |
(x y) URAWNENI@, T.E. PROWERITX RAWENSTWA |
@U@x = P(x y) |
@U@y = Q(x y): |
eSLI ^ASTNYE PROIZWODNYE FUNKCII U(x y) NE SOWPADUT S FUNKCIQ- MI P (x y) I Q(x y) TO \TO ZNA^IT, ^TO NE U^TENY OSOBENNOSTI \TIH FUNKCIJ I DANNOE URAWNENIE SLEDUET RE[ITX PERWYM SPOSOBOM.
30: x ey2 dx + x2y ey2 + tg2y dy = 0: |
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zDESX P (x y) = x ey2 |
Q(x y) = x2y ey2 + tg2y: |
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pROWERQEM KRITERIJ P0 |
= 2xyey2 Q0 = 2xyey2 |
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~ASTNYE PROIZWODNYE RAWNY. dANNOE URAWNENIE ESTX URAWNENIE W POLNYH DIFFERENCIALAH. nUVNO NAJTI FUNKCI@ U(x y): iZ SOOT-
NO[ENIQ U0 = P |
(x y) = x ey2 |
NAHODIM |
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U1(x y) = Z x ey |
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dx = |
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iZ SOOTNO[ENIQ |
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Uy0 |
= Q(x y) = x2y ey2 + tg2y NAHODIM |
U2(x y) = Z x2y ey |
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+ tg2y |
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