Terekhova_E_Dvustoronniy_perevod_obshchestvenn
.pdfmake promises to tell someone that you will definitely do something or that something will happen.
minority noun 1) the smaller part or number; a number, part, or amount forming less than half of the whole. 2) a smaller party or group opposed to a majority, as in voting or other action. 3) a group differing, esp. in race, religion, or ethnic back ground, from the majority of a population: legislation aimed at providing equal rights for minorities. 4) a member of such a group. 5) the state or period of being under the legal age of full responsibility.
modern/up-to-date/sophisticated adjective in accordance with the latest or newest ideas, standards, techniques, styles, etc.
national park an area of scenic beauty, historical importance, or the like, owned and maintained by a national government for the use of the people.
nationalize/ privatize verb to bring under the ownership or control of a nation, as industries and land: a movement to nationalize the oil industry.
neighbor adjective situated or living near another: one of our neighbor nations.
noble (goals, noble-minded) characterized by morally admirable thought or motives; righteous; worthy.
non ferrous metals containing little or no iron.
non-profitable/ non-commercial/ public organization/ non-govern- mental organization (NGO) not established for the purpose of making a profit; not entered into for money.
numerical adjective expressed or considered in numbers: a numerical code | the numerical superiority of the government forces (=the fact that they were greater in number).
official noun a person appointed or elected to an office or charged with certain duties.
overcome the barriers /take up the hurdles deal successfully with problems.
overture noun an opening or initiating move toward negotiations, a new relationship, an agreement, etc.; a formal or informal pro posal or offer: overtures of peace. — Syn. proposal.
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Usage note
PROPOSAL, OVERTURE, PROPOSITION refer to something in the nature of an offer. A PROPOSAL is a plan, a scheme, an offer to be accepted or rejected: to make proposals for peace. An OVERTURE is a friendly approach, an opening move (perhaps involving a proposal) ten tatively looking toward the settlement of a controversy or else preparing the way for a proposal or the like: to make overtures to an enemy. PROPOSITION, used in mathematics to refer to a formal statement of truth, and often including the proof or demonstration of the statement, has something of this same meaning when used nontechnically (partic ularly in business). A PROPOSITION is a PROPOSAL in which the terms are clearly stated and their advantageous nature emphasized: His proposition involved a large discount to the retailer.
ownership noun 1) the state or fact of being an owner. 2) legal right of possession; proprietorship.
Pacific Rim countries/ Asian Pacific Region the countries or parts of countries that border the Pacific Ocean, such as Japan, Australia, and the west coast of the US, considered as an eco nomic group.
pack sth up also pack sth in phrasal verb to relinquish or give up; quit:
One failure was no reason to pack the whole experiment in. After thirty years of touring, the violinist packed his career up and retired..
paradise noun 1) heaven, as the final abode of the righteous. 2) a place of extreme beauty, delight, or happiness. 3) a state of supreme happiness; bliss.
peak months (peak energy load) cold months when energy bears its maximum load.
pit sb/sth against sb/sth phrasal verb to test your strength, ability, power etc against someone else: a chance to pit our strength against pro ball players.
pivotal economies developed countries that play a leading role in the global economy.
pledge noun 1) a solemn promise or agreement to do or refrain from doing something: a pledge of aid; a pledge not to wage war.
2) something delivered as security for the payment of a debt or
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fulfillment of a promise, and subject to forfeiture on failure to pay or fulfill the promise. — Syn. warranty, surety, guaranty.
plough through also plow through phrasal verb 1) to move forcefully through something in the manner of a plow: The cop plowed through the crowd, chasing after the thief. 2) to proceed in a slow, laborious, and steady manner: The researcher plowed through a pile of reports.
poultry products made of meat and eggs domesticated fowl, as chick ens, turkeys, ducks, geese, and guinea fowl.
Presidency the office of President of the United States.
privately owned belonging to some particular person by the right of ownership.
producers companies that create economic value, or produce goods and services.
prosperous economies thriving; rich countries.
Protestantism noun 1) a part of the Christian church that separated from the Roman Catholic church in the 16th century. 2) the religion of Protestants. 3) the Protestant churches collectively. 4) adherence to Protestant principles.
public administration position a post of employment in the executive branch of a government.
Usage note
POSITION, JOB, PLACE, SITUATION refer to a post of employ ment. POSITION is any employment, though usually above manual labor: a position as clerk. JOB is colloquial for POSITION, and applies to any work from lowest to highest in an organization: a job as cook, as manager. PLACE and SITUATION are both mainly used today in ref erence to a position that is desired or being applied for; SITUATION is the general word in the business world: Situations Wanted; PLACE is used rather of domestic employment: He is looking for a place as a gardener.
put sth. on edge (to put one’s nerves on edge) to keep sb. acutely sen sitive; nervous; tense.
rates of economic development the speed of economic development. rebel verb 1) to reject, resist, or rise in arms against one’s government or ruler. — Syn. revolt, mutiny. 2) to resist or rise against some
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authority, control, or tradition. 3) to show or feel utter repug nance: His very soul rebelled at spanking the child.
recession noun, Econ. a period of an economic contraction, some times limited in scope or duration. (Compare: depression noun, Econ. a period during which business, employment, and stock market values decline severely or remain at a very low level of activity).
relationship(s) noun 1) the way in which two people or two groups behave towards each other [+ between]: an improved relationship between the police and local people. [+ with]: We have a good working relationship with the managers. 2) the way in which two or more things are connected and affect each other [+ between]: the relationship between poor housing and health problems. 3) a situation in which two people spend time together or live together, and have romantic or sexual feelings for each other. 4) the way in which you are related to someone in your family.
Usage note
RELATIONSHIP, RELATIONS, RELATION, CONNECTION. A relationship with someone or something is usually close, and may involve strong feelings: Jane’s stormy relationship with her husband. | What kind of relationship does she have with her mother? Relations between people, groups, countries etc are often about working together or communicat ing: Relations between industrialists and environmentalists have improved recently. Relations is a more official word: friendly relations in the workplace/between East and West. A relation or relationship to someone or something, like a connection, is usually about a simple fact: Jane’s relationship to/connection with Jeff is that he is her uncle/boss. | What relation has temperature to humidity? A relationship between people and other people or things may be either close and full of emotion, or simply a matter of fact: the relationship between bosses and workers | What’s the relationship between temperature and humidity?
relief agency an organization, company, or bureau that provides money, food, or other help to those in poverty or need.
repel verb 1) to drive or force back (an assailant, invader, etc.). — Syn. repulse, parry, ward off. — Ant. attract. 2) to thrust back or
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away. 3) to resist effectively (an attack, onslaught, etc.) — Syn. withstand, oppose, rebuff. 4). to refuse to have to do with; resist involvement in: to repel temptation. 5) to refuse to accept or admit; reject: to repel a suggestion. — Syn. decline, rebuff 6) to cause distaste or aversion in: Their untidy appearance repelled us.
require verb 1) to have need of; need: He requires medical care. — Syn. lack. 2) to ask for authoritatively or imperatively; demand. — Ant. forgo.
Usage note
LACK, WANT, NEED, REQUIRE as verbs all stress the absence of something desirable, important, or necessary. LACK means to be with out or to have less than a desirable quantity of something: to lack courage, sufficient money, enough members to make a quorum. WANT may imply some urgency in fulfilling a requirement or a desire: Willing workers are badly wanted. The room wants some final touch to make it homey. NEED often suggests even more urgency than does WANT stressing the necessity of supplying what is lacking: to need an operation, better food, a match to light the fire. REQUIRE, which expresses neces sity as strongly as NEED, occurs most frequently in serious or formal contexts: Your presence at the hearing is required. Successful experimentation requires careful attention to detail. DEMAND, CLAIM imply mak ing an authoritative request. To DEMAND is to ask in a bold, authori tative way: to demand an explanation. To CLAIM is to assert a right to something: He claimed it as his due.
reservations noun 1) a feeling of doubt because you do not agree completely with a plan, idea, or suggestion: have/express reservations (about): I had serious reservations about his appointment as captain. | without reservation (=completely): We condemn their actions without reservation.
reside verb to live in a particular place. reside in sth/sb phrasal verb
1) to be present in something: For Fellini, the poetry of cinema resides primarily in movement. 2) to rest or be vested, as powers, rights, etc.
restrain verb 1) to hold back from action; keep in check or under control; repress: to restrain one’s temper. — Syn. bridle, sup
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press, constrain. — Ant. unbridle. 2) to deprive of liberty, as by arrest or the like. — Syn. restrict, circumscribe, confine, hinder, hamper. — Ant. free, liberate. 3) to limit or hamper the activity, growth, or effect of: to restrain trade with Cuba.
result in phrasal verb 1) to spring, arise, or proceed as a consequence of actions, circumstances, premises, etc.; be the outcome. 2) to terminate or end in a specified manner or thing.
rotate verb 1) to cause to turn around an axis or center point; revolve. 2) to cause to go through a cycle of changes; cause to pass or fol low in a fixed routine of succession: to rotate farm crops. 3) to replace (a person, troops, etc.) by another or others, usually according to a schedule or plan.
Usage note
TURN, REVOLVE, ROTATE, SPIN indicate moving in a more or less rotary, circular fashion. TURN is the general and popular word for motion on an axis or around a center, but it is used also of motion that is less than a complete circle: A gate turns on its hinges. REVOLVE refers esp. to movement in an orbit around a center, but is sometimes exchangeable with ROTATE, which refers only to the motion of a body around its own center or axis: The moon revolves about the earth. The earth rotates on its axis. To SPIN is to rotate very rapidly: A top spins.
round out phrasal verb 1) to complete or perfect: The new coin rounded out his collection. 2) to fill out; become rounder: She rounded out so nicely that everyone soon forgot she had been so ill.
route noun 1) a course, way, or road for passage or travel: What’s the shortest route to Boston? 2) a customary or regular line of passage or travel: a ship on the North Atlantic route. 3) a specific itinerary, round, or number of stops regularly visited by a person in the performance of his or her work or duty: a newspaper route; a mail carrier’s route. — Syn. beat, circuit.
rule verb 1) to control or direct; exercise dominating power, author ity, or influence over; govern: to rule the empire with severity. — Syn. administer, command. 2) to decide or declare judicially or
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authoritatively; decree: The judge ruled that he should be exiled.
3) to mark with lines, esp. parallel straight lines, with the aid of a ruler or the like: to rule paper. 4) to be superior or preeminent in (a specific field or group); dominate by superiority; hold sway over: For centuries, England ruled the seas.
Usage note
RULE, ADMINISTER, COMMAND, GOVERN, MANAGE mean to exercise authoritative guidance or direction. RULE implies the exer cise of authority as by a sovereign: to rule a kingdom. ADMINISTER places emphasis on the planned and orderly procedures used: to administer the finances of an institution. COMMAND suggests military author ity and the power to exact obedience; to be in command of: to command a ship. TO GOVERN is authoritatively to guide or direct persons or things, esp. in the affairs of a large administrative unit: to govern a state. TO MANAGE is to conduct affairs, i.e., to guide them in a unified way toward a definite goal, or to direct or control people, often by tact, address, or artifice: to manage a business.
rule out phrasal verb 1) to prove to be unrelated or not for consider ation; eliminate; exclude: to rule out the possibility of error. 2) to make impossible or impracticable: The rainstorm ruled out the holiday camping. make a ruling to make a formal decision or rul ing, as on a point at law.
scale noun 1) a succession or progression of steps or degrees; gradu ated series: the scale of taxation; the social scale. 2) a table of graduated rates, as of prices or wages: These unions use different scales. 3) the ratio of distances or sometimes of areas on a map to the corresponding values on the earth. 4) a certain relative or proportionate size or extent: They built a residence on a yet more magnificent scale. 5) a standard of measurement or estimation; point of reference by which to gauge or rate: We have no scale by which to judge his achievements.
seal sth off phrasal verb to stop people entering an area or building, because it is dangerous: Following a bomb warning, police have sealed off the whole area.
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“second wave” of newly-industrializing economies also second tire NICs a group of countries, as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Coastal China.
seek out phrasal verb to look very hard for someone or something, especially someone who is avoiding you or hiding from you: Our mission is to seek out the enemy and destroy them.
seize control of also seize power of to take control of a place sudden ly and quickly, using military force: The rebels have seized power in a violent coup.
seniority noun 1) the state of being senior; priority of birth; superior age. 2) priority, precedence, or status obtained as the result of a person’s length of service, as in a profession, trade, company, or union: First choice of vacation time will be given to employees with seniority.
separate verb 1) to keep apart or divide, as by an intervening barrier or space: to separate two fields by a fence. 2) to put, bring, or force apart; part: to separate two fighting boys. — Syn. 1,2. sever, sunder, split. 3) to set apart; disconnect; dissociate: to separate church and state. — Syn. disjoin, disengage. 4) to remove or sever from association, service, etc., esp. legally or formally: He was separated from the army right after V-E Day. 5) to sort, part, divide, or disperse (an assemblage, mass, compound, etc.), as into individual units, components, or elements.
Usage note
SEPARATE, DIVIDE imply a putting apart or keeping apart of things from each other. To SEPARATE is to remove from each other things previously associated: to separate a mother from her children. To DIVIDE is to split or break up carefully according to measurement, rule, or plan: to divide a cake into equal parts.
set out for phrasal verb to begin a journey or course. set the target to designate as a goal.
shackle noun 1) the shackles of slavery/convention etc literary the limits put on your freedom and happiness by slavery etc. 2) one of a pair of metal rings joined by a chain that are used for fas
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tening together a prisoner’s hands or feet.
shackle verb to restrain in action, thought, etc., as by restrictions; restrict the freedom of. — Syn. trammel, impede, slow, stultify, dull. — Ant. liberate, free.
share (lion’s share, shareholder) noun 1) the full or proper portion or part allotted or belonging to or contributed or owed by an indi vidual or group. 2) one of the equal fractional parts into which the capital stock of a joint stock company or a corporation is divided.
share in verb to have a share or part; take part.
Usage note
SHARE, PARTAKE, PARTICIPATE mean to join with others or to receive in common with others. To SHARE is to give or receive a part of something, or to enjoy or assume something in common: to share in another’s experiences. To PARTAKE is to take for one’s own personal use a portion of something: to partake of food. To PARTICIPATE is esp. to join with others in some thought, feeling, or, particularly, some action: to participate in a race, in a conversation.
shore noun 1) the land along the edge of a sea, lake, broad river, etc. 2) some particular country: my native shore. 3) land, as opposed to sea or water: a marine serving on shore. off-shore adjective 1) moving or tending away from the shore toward or into a body of water: an offshore wind. 2) located or operating on a body of water, at some distance from the shore: offshore fisheries. 3) registered, located, conducted, or operated in a foreign country: an off-shore investment company; off-shore manufacture of car parts.
shoreline noun the line where shore and water meet.
short of adjective 1) less than; inferior to. 2) inadequately supplied with (money, food, etc.) 3) without going to the length of; fail ing of; excluding: Short of murder, there is nothing he wouldn’t have tried to get what he wanted.
shuffle (a pack of cards, politicians, cabinet, etc.) verb to intermix so as to change the relative positions of objects or people.
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sign an agreement to show formally that you agree to do something, by signing a legal document.
sink in phrasal verb to enter or permeate the mind; become known or understood: He said it four times before the words really sank in.
slave noun 1) a person who is the property of and wholly subject to another; a bond servant. 2) a person entirely under the domina tion of some influence or person: a slave to a drug.
solidify verb 1) to become solid or make something solid: The volcanic lava solidifies as it cools. 2) to make an agreement, plan, attitude etc firmer and less likely to change: The two countries signed a treaty to solidify their alliance.
solution noun 1) a way of solving a problem or dealing with a diffi cult situation: The best solution would be for them to separate. [+ to/for]: There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopulation. | find a solution: Both sides are trying to find a peaceful solution. 2) the correct answer to a problem in an exercise or competition [+ to]: The solution to last week’s puzzle is on page 12.
sovereign adjective 1) belonging to or characteristic of a sovereign or sovereignty; royal. — Syn. regal, majestic, imperial, princely, monarchical, kingly, queenly. 2) having supreme rank, power, or authority. 3) supreme; preeminent; indisputable: a sovereign right. — Syn. chief, paramount, principal, predominant. 4) greatest in degree; utmost or extreme. 5) being above all oth ers in character, importance, excellence, etc. 6) efficacious; potent: a sovereign remedy. — Syn. effective, effectual.
specify verb 1) to mention or name specifically or definitely; state in detail: He did not specify the amount needed. — Syn. detail, indi cate, enumerate, stipulate. 2) to give a specific character to. 3) to set forth as a specification. 4) to name or state as a condi tion: He specified that he be given my power of attorney.
spectacular/ amazing/ breath-taking/ dramatic adjective very impressive and exciting.
sponsor noun 1) a person who vouches or is responsible for a person or thing. — Syn. patron, backer; guarantor. 2) a person, firm, organization, etc., that finances and buys the time to broadcast a radio or television program so as to advertise a product, a
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