Terekhova_E_Dvustoronniy_perevod_obshchestvenn

tant Cold War pact regarding human rights, the 1975 Helsinki Accords, a diplomatic agreement between 35 countries that encour aged human rights, was negotiated outside the UN framework.

Among the UN’s most visible recent activities regarding human rights are the two International Criminal Tribunals held to bring to justice those responsible for the horrible acts of violence committed dur ing the civil wars in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The tribunal for crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia was established by the Security Council in 1993. The council initiated the Rwanda tribunal in 1994. They are the first such international war crimes trials since the Nurnberg Trials that followed World War II. Although the tribunals were established by the Security Council, they operate independently. The trials depend on contributions from countries to keep operating and are seriously hampered by financial shortages. A more serious problem is the inability to arrest suspects in countries or regions that do not support the tribunal’s efforts. See War Crimes Trials.

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üНайдите русские эквиваленты для нижеприведенных слов и выражений.

üЧто представляют собой приведенные в тексте организации и/или трибуналы, документы?

üРаботая в парах, задайте своему партнеру вопросы по выделенному словарю, постарайтесь получить он него/не¸ исчерпывающий ответ. Меняйтесь ролями.

War Crimes Trials; the Nurnberg Trials; International Criminal Tribunals; Amnesty International Organization; a Commission on Human Rights; the Helsinki Accords; Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Human Rights Day.

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 91

üПроанализируйте нижеприведенные слова и выражения, расставьте их в соответствующие колонки таблицы (см. примеры)

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в зависимости от их стилистической нагрузки: отрицательной, положительной или нейтральной.

üОбъясните, почему слов и выражений с отрицательной нагрузкой намного больше, чем других?

üЕсть ли среди приведенных слов и выражений такие, которые можно трактовать как принадлежащие более чем одной колонке? Почему?

Human rights; financial shortages; are seriously hampered; the inability to arrest suspects; to bring to justice; guarantee human rights; veto power; lack of respect for human rights; freedom of expression and fair elections; the problems of genocide; racial dis crimination; civil and political rights; and economic and social rights; rival countries; the power to publicize abuses; “all human beings are born free and equal”; basic rights; norms for the behavior of governments; the right to liberty, religious and political freedom, education, and economic well being; to ban torture; to refuse to sign the conventions; to ratify the convention on genocide; to decline to ratify a document; the atrocities committed by the Germans; the Holocaust; the slaughter of Jews.

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УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 92

üСделайте письменный перевод текста “Human Rights”.

ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT

üПереведите текст “Arms Control and Disarmament” с листа. Какие трудности вы испытали при устном переводе этого текста?

üОпределите функциональный стиль данного текста.

üКакие лексико-грамматические клише характеризуют данный тип текстов?

The UN Charter authorizes the Security Council to plan for worldwide disarmament and arms control. To help achieve those goals, the UN has sponsored arms control negotiations in Geneva, Switzerland, for decades. The General Assembly also held a special session on disarmament in June 1982. (1) None of these UN activi ties have had much direct effect on actual arsenals.

Instead, during the Cold War, the most important arms control agreements were reached by countries negotiating directly with each other, particularly by the United States and Soviet Union. At that time, arms control was dominated by the nuclear arms race between superpowers. (2) The United States and Soviet Union reached sev eral important agreements, and then other countries signed on. Examples include the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty, the 1967 Outer

Space Treaty, the 1968 Nonproliferation Treaty, and the 1990 Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty. In some instances the General Assembly ratified these agreements. But in none of these cases did the UN play a major role.

One UN agency, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), does serve an important function in arms control. The agency, which has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria, operates independently from the UN. The agency inspects the nuclear power industries and research facilities of the countries that have signed the Nonproliferation Treaty to discourage them from diverting nuclear materials to military uses.

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After the 1991 Persian Gulf War, UN agencies assumed a lead role in enforcing a Security Council resolution to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction. (3) IAEA inspectors uncovered and dismantled Iraq’s secret nuclear weapons program, and other UN weapons inspectors monitored the destruction of stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons. However, in 1998 Iraq announced it would no longer cooperate with the UN. In 2002, in response to renewed U.S. efforts to enforce Iraqi disarmament, the Security Council approved a resolution (Resolution 1441) warning of “seri ous consequences” if Iraq did not disarm. Weapons inspections resumed, but U.S. authorities charged that Iraq was not cooperating fully and was hiding banned weapons. In March 2003, after diplo matic talks broke down, a U.S.-led coalition launched a military assault on Iraq to rid the country of banned weapons.

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 93

üЗапишите указанные выше предложения текста (1), (2), (3) в диагональной записи;

üКакие средства связности текста присутствуют в данном тексте?

üНайдите в словаре русские эквиваленты всем словам и выражениям, приведенным ниже:

worldwide disarmament and arms control — arms control negotiations —

the nuclear arms race between superpowers —

the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty, the 1967 Outer Space Treaty — the 1968 Nonproliferation Treaty —

the 1990 Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty —

the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) — the nuclear power industries and research facilities — to disarm and dismantle —

to discourage them from diverting nuclear materials to military uses —

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Iraq’s secret nuclear weapons program — other UN weapons inspectors —

to monitor the destruction of stockpiles of chemical and biolog ical weapons —

a U.S. led coalition launched a military assault on Iraq to rid the country of banned weapons —

RELATIONSHIP WITH THE UNITED STATES

üЧто, по Вашему мнению, стоит за данным заголовком: “The Relationship with the US”?

üВыпишите первые предложения каждого абзаца.

üРаботая в паре со своим партнером, обменяйтесь вопросами и ответами, построенными на базе выделенных слов и выражений в тексте.

A longstanding tension exists between the UN and the United States, the world’s most powerful nation. The UN constrains the United States by creating the one coalition that can rival U.S. power—that of all other nations. In addition, the United States has a streak of isolationism in its foreign policy that runs counter to the idea of the UN. But the UN also benefits the United States in many ways. It amplifies U.S. power because the United States usually leads the UN coalition. It helps keep world peace, which the United States is not rich or strong enough to do by itself. And it helps keeps the world stable, providing a good climate for international trade.

Starting in the mid 1980s the United States became more selective about how much money to give the UN in both mandatory and voluntary contributions. Some U.S. political leaders criticized the UN for being too large and inefficient. They complained that the UN answered to too many countries and was hindered by competi tion among the nations whose citizens were a part of the UN’s staff. The United States was further disillusioned by the peacekeeping fiascoes in Somalia and Bosnia in the early 1990s. This dissatisfaction

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came at a time after the Cold War, when the United States began to turn inward and to reduce foreign aid, diplomatic operations, and military forces worldwide.

At the same time, the United States was being squeezed financially by the size of its own debts and fell behind in paying its UN dues and contributions to the peacekeeping efforts. By the mid 1990s the United States owed the UN roughly $1.5 billion, despite various promises and plans to catch up. Meanwhile the U.S. Congress voted to give less money to the UN’s peacekeeping operations. Although polls showed strong U.S. public support for the UN, no groups stepped forward to persuade Congress to increase its support.

The United States began to target its criticism increasingly at UN Secretary General Boutros Ghali. In 1996 the United States announced its plans to veto Boutros Ghali’s candidacy for a second term. In a rare display of unity, almost all the other UN member states opposed this decision, arguing that the United States had no right to dictate the UN’s direction until it paid its membership dues. Nonetheless, the United States vetoed Boutros Ghali’s second term, overruling all 14 other Security Council members. After sever al months of stalemate, Kofi Annan was elected with the support of the United States.

Prospects for better relations brightened in 2000, when the General Assembly changed its system of financing and substantially lowered U.S. dues. In exchange, the United States pledged a large payment of its past debts. The compromise removed a major source of tension between the United States and United Nations.

The UN’s relationship with the United States was severely strained in 2003 when the United States launched a war against Iraq for its alleged failure to eliminate weapons of mass destruction. The decision by the United States to abandon diplomacy and forgo explicit Security Council authorization of military action drew sharp criticism from many members of the Council, including France, Germany, Russia, and China. Some diplomats warned that the U.S. action would weaken the UN by undermining its credibility and international authority.

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УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 94

üОсуществите переводческие трансформации в предложениях, в которых имеются выделенные слова или выражения (см. Приложения).

üНайдите русские эквиваленты всем выделенным словам и выражениям.

üКакими средствами достигается модальность текста? Укажите эти средства в тексте.

CRISIS OF FUNDING AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

üЧто стоит за заголовком данного текста? Иными словами, перефразируйте и/или трансформируйте заглавие текста таким образом, чтобы при этом не был утрачен смысл.

üКакова модальность данного текста? (Модальность — это отношение говорящего или пишущего к тому, что он пишет или говорит.)

The United States was not alone in its failure to keep up with its dues and other contributions to the UN. (1) By early 1997 members owed the UN more than $3 billion, with roughly half of that owed by the United States alone. The financial crisis had actually started years earlier, in the 1980s, when countries started falling behind in their payments. Some of the reasons were political, reflecting the unhap piness of the United States and other Western countries over how the UN was managing some of its programs, including its peacekeeping missions.

At the same time financial support declined, the UN’s expenses grew. In the preceding decade, the UN had greatly expanded its peacekeeping operations and increased other programs. In 1996 the UN came perilously close to having to shut down its operations. It was forced to scale back or terminate its peacekeeping operations, and the creation of new peacekeeping efforts became almost impos sible. The UN had reached the biggest funding crisis in its history.

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(2) By the time Annan took office in January 1997, he faced an organization that was on the brink of bankruptcy and the target of severe criticism from the United States. The new secretary general pushed through a series of reforms to consolidate some major UN offices, in part to encourage the United States to pay its back dues. In the late 1990s the UN’s financial health improved because of lower peacekeeping expenses and larger payments from the United States. In 1999 Congress agreed to pay nearly $1 billion of back dues, but only on the condition that the UN would decrease U.S. share of the administrative budget from 25 to 22 percent and its share of the peacekeeping budget from 31 to 25 percent. In 2000 the General Assembly satisfied these terms by overhauling its system of financing.

It set a ceiling of 22 percent as the maximum amount any country would pay toward the administrative budget. It also replaced its ad hoc system of funding peacekeeping operations with a sliding scale of dues based on a country’s per capita income. As a result, the U.S. contribution to peacekeeping operations was expected to decline gradually to close to 25 percent by 2004, and more than two dozen countries accepted increases in their peacekeeping contributions.

Since its creation in 1945, the UN has done much to promote international cooperation in economic and social goals, and to a less er extent, world peace. The end of the Cold War and new possibilities for cooperation among the world’s major powers has given the UN an opportunity to realize the original vision of its founders. The UN now has a chance to become an international organization that can effec tively maintain world peace within the limits of a system where indi vidual nations maintain their own authority and independence. Despite the challenges it faces, the UN will likely play an increasingly central role in international politics in the coming decades.

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üВыполните перевод с листа, обращая внимание на содержащиеся цифры, а также способы передачи увеличения или уменьшения, улучшения или ухудшения финансовой ситуации, следующих выражений:

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Members owed the UN more than $3 billion, with roughly half of that owed by the United States alone; financial support declined, the UN’s expenses grew; falling behind in their payments; play an increasingly central role; with a sliding scale of dues; it set a ceiling of 22 percent as the maximum amount any country would pay toward the administrative budget; overhauling its system of financ ing; the financial crisis; financial support declined, the UN’s expenses grew; the UN had greatly expanded; increased other pro grams; to shut down its operations; to scale back or terminate; to be on the brink of bankruptcy; to push through a series of reforms to consolidate some major UN offices; to pay its back dues; the UN’s financial health improved; lower peacekeeping expenses; and larger payments from the United States.

УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 96

üПроизведите лексико-грамматические трансформации указанных выше предложений (1) и (2).

üНайдите единицы перевода, содержащие оценочную и эмоционально окрашенную лексику, например: The UN now has a chance to become; its contribution was expected to decline; the UN will likely play an increasingly important role.

UNESCAP: UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC

AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

üОпределите тип публикации.

üВыполните письменный перевод текста UNESCAP For Asia and the Pacific.

üВыпишите отдельно все названия организаций, их аббревиатуры, а также их русские эквиваленты.

General description

The regional arm of the United Nations Secretariat for the Asian and Pacific region is the United Nations Economic and Social

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Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) (см. рис. 12, стр. 249). It is located in the United Nations Building, Ratcha damnoen Nok Avenue, Bangkok, Thailand. The functions of UNESCAP have been defined by the Secretary General as follows:

(a)Promoting economic and social development through regional and subregional cooperation and integration;

(b)Serving as the main economic and social development forum within the United Nations system for the UNESCAP region;

(c)Formulating and promoting development assistance activi ties and projects commensurate with the needs and priori ties of the region while acting as an executing agency for relevant operational projects;

(d)Providing substantive and secretariat services and docu mentation for the Commission and its subsidiary bodies;

(e)Carrying out studies, research and other activities within the terms of reference of the Commission;

(f)Providing advisory services to governments at their request;

(g)Developing and executing programs of technical coopera tion;

(h)Coordinating UNESCAP activities with those of the major departments/offices of the United Nations at Headquarters and specialized agencies and intergovernmental organiza tions.

To carry out these functions, the UNESCAP secretariat com prises the Office of the Executive Secretary and the following divi sions.

•Emerging Social Issues

•Environment and Sustainable Development

•Information, Communication and Space Technology

•Poverty and Development

•Statistics

•Trade and Investment

•Transport and Tourism

•Administrative Services

•Program Management

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