Для заочников 1 курса / ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ИНОСТРАННОГО ЯЗЫКА

Примечания

1.prehistoric forests - доисторические леса

2.beds of dead plant matter - залежи мертвых растений

3.marsh gas - болотный газ

4.dependent on the pressure involved - в зависимости от давления, которое имело место

I. Проверьте свое понимание теста, ответив на следующие вопросы:

1.Are carbon compounds very abundant in nature?

2.What organic substances do you know?

3.Can any organic substances escape into bacterial decomposition?

4.What is coal?

5.How did coal originate?

SILICON

The element silicon is second to oxygen in abundance in the crust of the earth, of which it constitutes about 28 per cent. It never occurs free, but only in combination with oxygen or with oxygen and metals in the silicate minerals, which compose most of the earth’s crust.

Quartz is а crystalline form of silicon dioxide, SiO2, commonly called silica. On forming' by slow deposition from solution in water during centuries, it is crystallized. At other times the silica by separating from solution as а colourless gel is gradually dried and compacted into flint. Flint is found in clay beds in all parts of the world.

Living organisms sometimes employ calcium carbonate and sometimes silica as а skeleton or supporting structure. Silica is plentiful, too, in most grasses and cereals. The fibers of bamboo have much silica, and the feathers of certain birds may have about 40 per cent silica. Even the human body contains minute amounts of silica.

I. Проверьте свое понимание теста, ответив на следующие вопросы:

1.Which is the most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust?

2.What are the properties of silicon?

3.At what temperature does silicon melt?

4.What compounds does silicon forms?

5.Where is high-purity silicon used?

6.With what elements does silicon, form useful and important compounds?

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POLYMERS

The human body, all animal and plant tissues,1 and most building substances in organic nature, such as proteins, wood, consist of polymeric or macromolecular materials. Many minerals, such as silica and feldspar are inorganic polymers, and numerous products of ancient and modern industry,2 such as porcelain, glass, textiles, paper, rubber and plastics are either entirely or substantially polymeric.3 All these substances possess one essential common feature, they consist of very large molecules.

Аpolymer is а substance consisting of molecules which are multiples of low-molecular-weight units.4 The low-molecular-weight unit is the monomer.

Isomeric polymers are polymers which have essentially the same percentage composition, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the individual atoms or atom groups in the molecules.

Аhomopolymer consists of macromolecules which are formed either by а single type of unit or by two (or more) chemically different types in regular sequence.

Copolymers are macromolecules containing two or more chemically different monomeric units in а more or less irregular sequence.

Примечания

1.plant tissues - ткани растений

2.numerous products of ancient and modern industry – многочисленные изделия древней и современнойпромышленности

3.are either entirely or substantially polymeric – являются полимерными полностью или в значительной степени

4.low-molecular-weight units – единицы с низким молекулярным весом

I. Проверьте свое понимание теста, ответив на следующие вопросы:

1 .What do human body, animal and plant tissues consist of?

2.What polymeric products do you know?

3.What is common for all these substances?

4.What inorganic polymers do you know?

5.What is an isomeric polymer?

6.What is homopolymer

7.What are copolymers?

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SOLUTIONS

We know а solution to be а uniform mixture of one substance in another. The material to be dissolved is the solute and the substance which does the dissolving is the solvent. The rate at which а substance may be dissolved can be controlled in several ways. The surface area, the agitation, and the temperature all are found to have an effect on the rate of solution.

The ease with which а substance may be dissolved is known to be its solubility. The solubility of solid, liquid, or gaseous solutes is determined by а number of factors, such as the nature of the solvent, the nature of the solute, the temperature and the pressure. In а solution the solute cannot be separated from the solvent by filtration.

The concentration of solute in solution may vary from dilute (а small amount of solute relative to the solvent) to concentrated (а large amount of solute relative to the solvent).

The most common of the solvents known is water. Among the organic compounds such materials as alcohol and benzene are commonly used solvents. Most organic compounds can be dissolved only in organic solvents.

Проверьте свое понимание текста по следующим вопросам:

1.What is а solution?

2.What is а solute?

3.What is а solvent?

4.What has an effect on the rate of solution?

5.What is solubility?

6.What factors is the solubility determined bу?

7.What is а dilute solution?

8.What is а concentrated solution?

9.Is water а solvent?

10.What commonly used solvents do you know?

Texts for Retelling

The St.-Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University)

The St.-Petersburg State Institute of Technology was founded on November 28.1828.

It was the first and for а long time the only technological institute in Russia training technical specialists, engineers and managers factories. In 1896 the Institute was renamed the Technological Institute. Its growth was closely connected to development in industry and science. In 1949 а department of nuclear engineering was added. In 1972 the Institute became Technical University.

Many famous scientists worked and took part in the education of engineers

and

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technologists at the Institute, among them the creator of Periodic System of the Elements D.I. Mendeleyev, the founder of the modern science of metals

D.К. Chernov. At the Institute museum one can see original documents of D.I. Mendeleyev and D.К.Chernov, books and articles by outstanding scientists which were published during their life.

Today the Institute is а large educational and scientific center. At the present time the St.-Petersburg Institute of Technology trains specialists at 8 full time faculties: technology of inorganic materials, fine organic and microbiological synthesis, engineering and cybernetics, basic organic synthesis, high technologies, ecology, economics and management, information and control systems. The Institute also offers part-time and correspondence course of education.

Among the teaching staff are academicians and associate members of Russian and international Academies, state prizewinners, honoured workers of science, assistant professors and candidates of science. The Institute is headed by the Rector, Professor А.S. Dudyrev, а doctor of chemical science. Dr. Dudyrev is also the head of the department of explosives.

The academic year is divided into two terms. There is а winter and а summer vacation period. The Institute has many well equipped auditoriums, computer and TV centers, numerous research and educational laboratories. The Institutes library is our pride. The total collection of library numbers around one million volumes.

То receive а diploma an undergraduate has to submit а paper or project and defend it before State Examinations Board. The best students have the possibility to become postgraduate students.

St. Petersburg

St. Petersburg is the second largest Russian city after Moscow .The city is situated in the north –west of Russia. It lies on the both sides of the Neva and on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, on the site of former marches. The Neva is a wide river but not very long. It runs from the Lake of Ladoga into the Baltic Sea. There are many small rivers and canals in the city, that is why the area occupied by the city is divided into 42 islands. Hundreds of bridges cross the rivers and canals in St. Petersburg.

St. Petersburg is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. There are many places of interest in the city. The Peter and Paul Fortress is one of them. The fortress was built in 1703 by the order of Peter the Great to protect the lands along the banks of the Neva from Sweden. The day of foundation of the Peter and Paul fortress is considered as the birthday of the city.

Palace Square is the main Square of the city. It reminds us of many important historical events. The ensemble of Palace Square was designed to glorify the victory of Russia over Napoleon. It owes its name to the Winter Palace, the former residence of the Russian Tsars. Now the State Hermitage exhibits its collection in the Winter Palace. The Hermitage is the one of the world’s largest art galleries and museums of the history of culture. St. Petersburg is well provided with museums. The state Russian Museum houses its outstanding collection of works of Russian art.

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The city has always played a great role in developing science and culture both in Russia and the world. The first Russian Academy of Sciences and the first Russian University were set up there. It was in this city that the outstanding Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleyev devised the famous periodic table of chemical elements, that A.S. Popov invented radio.

Today St. Petersburg continues to be one of the most important cultural, scientific, financial and industrial centers of Russia.

St. Petersburg is the destination of many visitors from our country and from abroad.

Our Country — Russia

Russia is the largest country in the world. It is almost the size of the USA and Canada combined. It is about 8.000 klm from East to West and crosses eleven time zones. Its total area is about 17 mln square klm. Russia is situated both in Europe and Asia. The European and Asian parts of the country are separated by the Ural Mountains. The Urals are not very high mountains. Russia's largest mountains, the Caucasus, are on its southern borders. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the South Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the West it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belarus, the Ukraine. It also has а sea-border with the USA. There is hardly а country in the world where such а variety of scenery and vegetation can be found, there are steppes, plains and forests, tundra and taiga, mountains and hills. There are over 2 mln rivers in Russia: the Volga, the Ob, the Amur and others. On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate: from arctic in the North to subtropical in the South. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental.

Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron, ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources .

Russians make up the large majority of the population and Russian is the official language, but there are more than а hundred other nationalities and languages. The population of Russia is about 150 men people.

Russia is а parliamentary republic. The three branches of the state power are legislative, executive and judicial. Each of them is controlled by the President who is the head of the state.

The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly. It consists of 2 Chambers. The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation. The Lower Chamber is the State Duma. The two Chambers make laws which must be signed by the President. The President may veto the bill.

The executive power belongs to the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister.

There are а lot of political parties and blocks, e.g. the United Russia, the Justice Russia, the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, the Agrarian Party and others. Most of them are in confrontation.

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Young People's problems

The economic situation in the country also influences the young people. The young people face the problem of getting good education and finding а job after that.

The problems of AIDS and drug addiction have become very serious. They say, it's quite easy to get drugs, as а result of it lots of young people not only ruin their health but become criminals.

Another problem for boys is conscription. Parents are afraid to send their children to the Army. At present we are on the way of making up а professional army. But despite these problems we all want to believe in good future of our country, because we have а great human and nature potential for it.

Great Britain

Great Britain is an island country in the northwest of Europe. It has only about 1 per cent of the world’s total population, the population of the country is a little more than 60 million people. Yet for hundreds of years it has been one of the world’s most important countries.

The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, often abbreviated to the United Kingdom, or just the UK.

The United Kingdom comprises Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales) and Northern Ireland.

Great Britain is separated from the mainland Europe by the North Sea on the east and by the English Channel on the south - separation that has helped shape the independent character of the British people.

Britain is comparatively small but there is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery can be found. The surface of the country varies very much. It is mainly low-lying meadows and forests, but there are mountains in Scotland and Wales, and deep lakes in Scotland. There are many rivers in Great Britain , but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the busiest one.

The climate of Great Britain is mild. The summers are cool and rainy. Snow is rare and it does not lie for long.

The United Kingdom is a monarchy but the powers of monarch are limited by the British Parliament. The British Parliament consists of two Chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Every thing is done in the name of the Queen, but the Prime Minister is responsible for the policy conducted by the Government.

London, the capital of the United Kingdom and England ,is one of the oldest and largest cities in the world. Its population is about 7 million people. The City of London is one of the biggest and most important financial centers in the world.

There are many places of interest worth seeing in London. The British capital is well-provided with museums and art galleries.

Great Britain, as every country, has its own customs and traditions which play more important role in the life of the people than in other countries. The British people are proud of their traditions and they carefully keep them up.

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Федеральное агентство по образованию

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Санкт-Петербургский государственный технологический институт (Технический университет)

РАБОЧАЯ ПРОГРАММА

учебной дисциплины

Иностранные языки

(английский, немецкий)

для студентов заочной формы обучения

Санкт-Петербург

2007

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Санкт-Петербургский Государственный технологический институт ( технический университет)

УТВЕРЖДАЮ Проректор по учебной работе, проф.

______________ И.Г.Масленников Согласовано Директор заочного отделения, проф.

______________ П.А. Аркин

РАБОЧАЯ ПРОГРАММА учебной дисциплины

Иностранные языки

(английский, немецкий)

для студентов заочной формы обучения

Кафедра иностранных языков

Курс 1,2 Практические занятия 34 часа

Самостоятельная работа 296 час Зачеты – 6 часов (1 курс первый семестр, 1 курс второй семестр) Экзамен – 4 часа (2 курс третий семестр)

Всего 340 часов

Санкт-Петербург

2007

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Рабочая программа обсуждена на заседании кафедры иностранных языков 21 февраля 2007 г., протокол № 8.

Одобрена учебно-методической комиссией гуманитарного отделения 27 февраля 2006 г., протокол № 5

Программу составили: канд. филол. наук, доц. В.М. Зинченко, доц. Н.А.Степанова, ст. преподаватель С.Б.Миронова

Программа предназначена для студентов заочной формы обучения, продолжающих изучение английского языка после школьного курса.

В основе программы лежат следующие положения:

1.Владение иностранным языком является важным компонентом профессиональной подготовки современного специалиста любого профиля.

2.Вузовский курс иностранного языка носит профессиональноориентированный характер, поэтому его задачи определяются познавательными потребностями специалистов соответствующего профиля.

Программа содержит следующие разделы:

1.Учебные цели

2.Структура курса

3.Требования к навыкам и умениям речевой деятельности и характер учебного материала.

4.Контроль навыков и умений

5.Учебники и учебные пособия

1. УЧЕБНЫЕ ЦЕЛИ Основной целью обучения иностранному языку студентов в

техническом вузе является практическое владение языком. Критерием практического владения иностранным языком является умение достаточно уверенно пользоваться наиболее употребительными и относительно простыми языковыми средствами в основных видах речевой деятельности: говорении, восприятии на слух (аудировании), чтении и письме. В речи допустимо наличие таких ошибок, которые не искажают смысла и не препятствуют пониманию. Практическое владение языком специальности предполагает также умение самостоятельно работать со специальной литературой на иностранном языке с целью получения профессиональной информации.

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По окончании курса обучения иностранному языку студенты должны уметь:

1.Читать общетехнические тексты с учетом будущей специальности;

2.Принимать участие в беседе на иностранном языке в объеме материала, предусмотренного программой.

В соответствии с этими целями Программа предусматривает овладение основами грамматического строя иностранного языка и лексическим минимумом в объеме 2500 слов и словосочетаний, охватывающих лексику общего характера, а также общенаучную и специальную лексику.

2. СТРУКТУРА КУРСА Программа курса рассчитана на стандартный объем преподавания – 340

часов (34 ч. аудиторных занятий, 296 ч. самостоятельной работы, 6 ч. зачеты и 4 ч. экзамены). Курс завершается сдачей экзамена.

Освоение учащимися фонетики, грамматики, синтаксиса, словообразования, сочетаемости слов, а также активное усвоение наиболее употребительной лексики и фразеологии изучаемого иностранного языка происходит не в виде свода правил, а в процессе работы над связными, законченными в смысловом отношении произведениями речи.

Основной курс для заочного отделения рассчитан на 34 часа аудиторных занятий, которые распределяются по трем семестрам следующим образом:

1 семестр - 12ч.+ 3ч. (зачет)

2 семестр - 10ч. + 3 ч. (зачет)

3 семестр - 12 ч. + 4 ч. (экзамен)

Основной курс предлагает следующие формы занятий:

-аудиторные групповые занятия под руководством преподавателя;

-обязательная самостоятельная работа студента по заданию преподавателя (выполнение студентом текущих учебных заданий во внеурочное время дома);

-консультации.

3.ТРЕБОВАНИЯ К НАВЫКАМ И УМЕНИЯМ В РЕЧЕВОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ.

l. Ha первом этапе обучения в первом семестре ставится задача сформировать базовые умения и навыки, необходимые для чтения и беседы на материале текстов, отражающих широкий профиль вуза.

2. На втором этапе обучения во втором и третьем семестрах достигается уровень сформированности умения чтения с различными

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