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current state Si , and the values of fi and ηi , ESRT then calculates the updated reporting frequency fi+1 to be broadcast to the source nodes. At the end of the next decision interval, the sink derives a new reliability indicator ηi+1 corresponding to the updated reporting frequency fi+1 of source nodes. In conjunction with any congestion reports, ESRT then determines the new network state Si+1. This process is repeated until the optimal operating region (state OOR) is reached. The state model of the ESRT protocol and state transitions are shown in Figure 14.19. The following reporting rate updating rules are used [140]:

where k denotes the number of successive decision intervals for which the network has remained in state (C,LR) including the current decision interval

In order to determine the current network state Si in ESRT, the sink must be able to detect congestion in the network. ESRT uses a congestion detection mechanism based on local buffer level monitoring in sensor nodes. Any sensor node whose routing buffer overflows due to excessive incoming packets is said to be congested and it informs the sink of the same. For more on system performance see Sankarasubramaniam et al. [140].

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