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466 AD HOC NETWORKS

Figure 13.1 Illustration of dynamic topology.

D

D

S

S

(3)overhead costs, i.e. average of control packets produced per node;

(4)power consumption, i.e. average power used by each node.

Two classes of routing protocols are considered for these applications, proactive and reactive routing. Proactive routing, illustrated in Figure 13.2, maintains routes to every other node in the network. This is a table-driven protocol where regular routing updates impose large overhead. On the other hand, there is no latency in route discovery, i.e. data can be sent immediately. The drawback is that most routing information might never be used. These protocols are suitable for high traffic networks and most often are based on Bellman–Ford type algorithms. Reactive routing, illustrated in Figure 13.3 maintains routes to only those nodes which are needed. The cost of finding routes is expensive since flooding is involved. Owing to the nature of the protocol, there might be a delay before transmitting data. The

D

D

SS

Figure 13.4 (a) Proactive/timer protocol operation when the topology is changed.

(b) Reactive/on demand protocol operation when the topology is changed.

protocol may not be appropriate for real-time applications but is good for low/medium traffic networks.

When the network topology is changed, the two protocols will behave differently, as can be seen in Figure 13.4(a, b). Proactive/timer-based protocol must wait for the updates to be