Омонимия

-совпадение означающих у означаемых, которые связаны общей идеей- полисемия.

Переход из одного состояния в др.-выйти из леса

Выйти из народа

Выйти из затруднительного положения

- тождество означаемых при различии означаемых.

«бегемот»-«гиппопотам»

-синонимия

Такая ассиметрия вызывается сдвигами знака.

Карцевский: «Означаемое и означающее постоянно скользят по наклон.плоскости реальности»

Знак приспосабливается к конкретным ситуациям языковая система может эволюционировать.

Природа лингвистического знака- неизменна и подвижна одновременно.

Классификация знаков.

1. Иконическая- подобие означаемого и означающего.

«собака на воротах»

Ч. ПирсИконические

Образы(images) диаграммы(diagram)

(морда собаки на воротах) (сходство означаемого с означающим

в соотношении частей) pie-chart

«Я тебя жду» «Я тебя жду-жду»

2. Индексы основаны на отношении смежности.

Дым- индекс огня

Покраснения кожи лица- стыд

3. Символы основаны на условности.

(корень квадратный)

Индексы в языке: указательные местоимения (тот, этот)

Etymology.

The reason of borrowings:

1. to fill a gap in vocabulary

“Potato”,”tomato” from Spanish when appeared in English (these vegetables)

2. It represents the same concept but in some aspect: a new shade of meaning.

Ex.: friendly-cordial (Latin)

Desire(French)-wish

Admire(Latin)-adore( French)

1. When borrowed words become assimilated in the language and the process of assimilation develops to the point when it’s practically impossible to recognize the origin of a word.

Ex.: cat, dinner, cup

2. Other words bear trace of their background.

Ex.: distance, development (French suffixes)

Skin, sky (Scandinavian)

Police, garage, cafe (French) Stress on the last syllable.

Some Norman borrowings have become fully adopted, no phonetic traces of their French origin: table.

“Big in size” as first it retained a trace of it’s former meaning “wide” because it was applied to object with vast horizontal dimension.

Nowadays it has approached very closely to the word “big”.

International words.

Borrowed by several languages.

Philosophy, mathematics, theatre, drama.

Terms of art, political terms, names of science, technological terms (telephone), sports (football), fruits and food stuff (coffee, banana).

Etymological doublets.

“shirt”-“skirt” from the same root etymologically, although “shirt”- native, “skirt”-(Scandinavian).

Resemblance-common origin. Both-articles of clothes.

Etymological doublets-words originated from the same etymological origin, but different in phonemic shape and meaning.

Canal (Latin)

Chanel (French)

From the same root

Senior (Latin)

Sir (French)

Etymological triplets as well:

Hospital (Latin)

Hostel (French)

Hotel (French)

to capture (Latin)

to catch

to chase

A doublet can be shortened: history-story

Shadow-shade

defence-fence

fantasy-fancy

fanatic-fan

Loan Words

(translation loans)

Borrowings of a special kind’coz they are not taken into the vocabulary of another language in the same phonemic shape they have functioned in their own language, but undergo the process of translation.

«вундеркинд»-wonder child

German

«майстек штюк»-masterpiece

Russian: пятилетка- a five-year plan

kолхоз- collective farm

Sometimes in two different forms:

Блиц-криг- молниеносная война

Lightning war

Blitzkrieg

Borrowed words are mostly learned words and terminology (foreign words dominate the native).

All short common words are native, but there are also a layer words which have become fully adopted, their origin- unrecognizable.

Ex.: air face poor

our dress very

• native appearance and common use

French words are more formal and more emotional:

To begin-to commence

To wish-to desire

Motherly love-maternal love

Childish-infantile

Sunny-solar

(day) (system)

nosy-nasal

(parker) (sound,voice)

человек, который сует нос не в свои дела

handy-manual (therapy)

Neologisms

Different points of view:

1. if we feel that it’s neologism-it is.

2. 25 years ago- it’s neologism.

Classification:

by Haham:

1. Words in which the form and the meaning is new.

Ex.: audiotyping

2. the former-new, the meaning has already been expressed by some other word.

Ex.: big C-cancer

3. the meaning –new, but the form existed.

Ex.: “bread” in the meaning of money

“green”=$

by Rosen:

1. these are words which can occur in isolation, but at the same time they can be parts of new words.

Ex.: Euro(money)-Euro market

Anything …burger

2. new morphemes which have appeared in the language recently

ex.: -nik peacenik

beatnik

-teria washateria

bookateria

3. these are words which consist of already existing morphemes, but in new combination

ex.: “greenback”=$

skinhead

by Zabotkina:

1. phonological neologisms these are new words formed from morphemes.

Ex.: Z-z-z – a short nap (onomotopoeic words)

2. semantic neologisms- they are semantically motivated

ex.: bread= money

green=$

3. syntactic neologism

phraseological morphological

(word combinations) (formed by the meaning of affixation,

ex.: big C conversion, clipping, lexicalization, compounding)

ex.: audiotyping

4. borrowings

ex.: Pizza Hut

Formation of neologisms:

1. affixation- is the most productive

ex.: beatnik, washateria

2. word over lapping (междусловное наложение)

ex.: swellegant (swell+elegant)

3. abbreviation (blending)

4. compounding

ex.: skinhead, greenback

5. forming new words from word combination and sentences

ex.: boldheadish, 6 o’clockish

how-do-you-doers

6. forming new words according already existing productive pattern.

Ex.: fingersmith (карманник)

tunesmith

7. lexicolazation

ex.: don’t talk about –izms with me.

Teens

8. wordplays

ex.:Где находится нофелет?

9. quazilexems- words formed from phonemes.

Ex.: Z-z-z

Ёпрст

Абвгдэйка