Yang Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Particulate tendency

570

Particulatize

576

Paschen’s law

843

Peclet number

654

Peel off velocity

779

Pendular bridge

396

Pendular state

369

Penetration

212,

377

Penicillin

production

586

Perforated plates

210

Permeability

factor

726

Petroleum

335

Petroleum industry

614

Petroleum

intermediates

618

Petroleum resid processing

614

Petroleum resids

614

pH

614,

633,

637

automatic control

632

Pharmaceutical

industry

263, 356

Pharmaceuticals

335,

479,

634

Phase mixing

647

Phosphogypsum

423

Phthalic anhydride reactor

3

Physicochemical effects

637

Pi theorem

26

Pinch valves

749

Pipe diameter

725

Pipeline

length

480

Pipeline

unblocking

751

Pipelines

712,

747

Pipes/ducts

branching

753

Plant safety

857

Plastic pipe

860

Plasticizers

337

Plates

22

Plenum

223,

224,

361

Plowing effect

778

Plug flow

of coal

700

Plug flow behavior

655,

698

Plug flow operation

660

Plug

length

700,

703

Plug pulse system

690

Pneumatic conveyance

849

Pneumatic conveying

441,

482,

713,

748

Pneumatic conveying lines

435, 452, 747

Index

885

Pneumatic conveying systems

478,

479,

738

Pneumatic transport

449,

506,

823,

834

Pneumatic transport tube

240,

242

Pneumatic transportation

712

Poisson’s equation

826

Pollutant

loading

632

Polyethylene

particles

100

Polyethylene

plastic

80

Polymers

402

Population balance

345,

352,

353,

407,

411,

413,

416

Pore distribution

380

Pore size

615

Porosity

371

Porous plate distributors

476

Porous plates

22

Post-combustion

590

Post-combustion ratio (PCR)

593,

595

Potential

electrostatic

828

Potential energy

572

Powder classification

715,

717, 729

Powder handling

850

Powder ignition

836

Powder processing

857

Powder systems

332

Powder-binder systems

369,

372

Powders

357,

366,

368,

715,

724,

817

catalyst

562

characterization

562

Power

572

Power generation

263

Pre-reduction

555,

592

Pre-reduction reactor (PRR)

590

Predictive tools

for scale-up

586

Preheating

ore 519

Pressure

126,

223,

443

elevated

111

Pressure balance

241,

813

Pressure drop

243,

707,

726,

741,

811

Pressure effects

120,

129

Pressure fluctuations

66,

95,

139,

214

Pressure loss

696,

766

Pressurized fluidized bed

76

Pressurized hot bed

59

Pretreatment

439

Probabilistic Modeling

352

Probes

suspended

833

Process conditions

440

Process strategy

655

Process zone

400,

402

Processing time

363

Product

inhibition

656

Propagating brush discharge

846

Proportional-integral

(PI)

controller 735

Proteins

636

recombinant

634

Pseudo solid-solid reduction

553

Pseudo-layering

409

Pseudo-solid-solid reactions

546

Pulp 604

Pulp digester

609

Pulping

605

Pulse piston modeling

700

Pulse piston operation

700

Pulsed conveying system

686

Pulsed piston transport

699

PVC powder

725

Pyrite

523

Pyrite cinders

496

Radial injection

316

Radial position

182,

185

Radiant heat transfer 129

Radiation fluxes

598

Radiation heat transfer

595

Radiative convection

191

Radiative heat transfer

162,

171,

199

Raining 508,

523

Ranz-Marshall

relation

512

Rat-holing

730,

733

Rate constant

5

Reactor configuration

655

Reactor diameter

650

Reactor feed temperature

618

Reactor start-up

633

Rebound

368

Recirculating fluid beds

706, 707

Recirculating fluidized bed

237,

257

Recombinant proteins

634

Recycle rate of solids

91

Recycling

613

Reducer

three-section

555

Reduction

pseudo solid-solid

553

Reentrainment

759,

779

Refractories

594

Relative

humidity

831, 835

Renewal mechanism

164

Reoxidation

594

Resid processing

614

Residence time

15,

197,

217,

497

Residence time distribution

9

Restitution

coefficient of

31,

381

Return leg

456

Reversals

transient

field

856

Reynolds number

37, 41,

43,

198,

512,

654

Richardson-Zaki correlation

645

Riffle box

762

Riser density

145

Riser diameters

22

Risers

456

Risks

startup and shutdown

856

Rittinger’s

law

463

Roots-type blowers

752

Roping

765

Rotary splitter

762

Rotary valves

455,

736

Rotating-disc valve

749

Rotor granulator

357

S

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

661

Safety

838,

857

Salt solution

646

Saltation

725,

758

Sand 117, 270

Saturated granular surface

367

Saturation

369

Scale models

26, 39, 56, 59, 61

Scale-up

1,

2, 317, 362, 653, 654

example

363

jet nozzle

273

Scaled laboratory models

100

Scaling

82

simplified

44

Scaling experiments

28

Scaling laws

54,

94

Scaling

relationships

26,

27, 38, 39

verification

65

Scattering approximation

173

Scouring action

167

Screw feeders

455

Scrubber technology

832

Scrubbing

585

Sea sand

565

Seams

781

Secondary air injection

708

Sedigraph

556

Sedigraph procedures

777

Seeded coal process

263

Seeds

496

Segregation effect

830

Segregation roasting

519

Selection-for-breakage 444

Self preserving

413

Semco system

686

Semi-fluidization

551

Separator

788

Sewage treatment

632

SFL. See Staged fluidized leaching

Shallow beds

537

Shallow fluid beds

541

Shallow fluidized beds

163

Shape factors

777

Shear measuring device

369

Shear rate

394

Shear stress

242

Shocks

863

Shrouds

219,

230,

289

Shutdown

260,

735,

736

risks

856

Siderite

270

Silica

475

Silo

827

Simplified

scaling

41,

44,

61, 99

Single

plenum

361

Single traverse cyclone

788

Single-slug

conveying

729

Sinter-neck growth

420

Sintering

point

422

Sintering

temperature

418,

421

Index

887

Sipernat

372

Size distribution

717, 792

Slag behavior

modeling

602

Slag foam

599

Slag layer

589,

590,

594,

599,

600,

601

behavior

599

Slag phenomena

596

Slip factor

25

Slip velocity

22,

42,

573

Slow motion

126

Sludge retention time

654

Slug flow

720

Slug velocity

241

Slugging

13,

25,

69,

74,

251

Slugging beds

38

Slugging

characteristics

725

Slugging

classifications

718,

722

Slugging fluidized bed

73,

240

Slurry

367

Slurry bubble column

620

586

Slurry bubble column reactors

585

Slurry Phase Distillate process

620

Slurry reactor

621

Smelting

reduction

588,

590

economics

603

590

Smelting reduction process

two-stage

592

Snowballing

409

Sodium carbonate

370,

372

Sodium hydroxide

613

Softening point

418

Solid circulation rate

239

Solid

concentration

179,

185, 190,

191

Solid flow mass flux

175

Solid fraction profile

77,

94,

95,

96,

99

Solid loadings

265

Solid mass flux

182

Solid mixing

20

Solid phase

604

Solid-solid reduction

pseudo

553

Solid-to-gas density ratio

77,

80

Solids

recycle rate

91

Solids circulation

240,

295,

299, 301

Solids circulation

rate

250,

251,

252,

257,

296

Solids concentration

186,

193

Solids distribution

518

Solids distributor

516

Solids entrainment

311,

313

Solids feed

32

Solids flow

695

Solids flow patterns

296

Solids flow rates

538

Solids flow regions

299

Solids flux

91

Solids flux profile

24

Solids holdup

644,

645

Solids loading

239,

753,

778

Solids mass flux

473

Solids mixing

237,

296,

648

Solids mixing rate

306

Solids particle velocity

272

Solids recycle rate

100

Solids residence time

441

Solids temperature

514

Solids transport

251

Solids-to-air mass flow rate ratio

753

Solvay process

585

Solvent Refined Coal process

585

Solventless coatings

357

Sorbent material

80

Sorbitol

585

Sparger

211

Sparger grids

218

Sparking

843

Sparking

potential

843

Sparks

839,

841,

842

Specific charge

822, 832,

864

Spheres

aerodynamically

equivalent

777

Sphericity

717

Spiral pattern

780

Split plenum

361

Splitters

760,

765

Splitting

efficiency

762

Spouted bed coaters

335

Spouted beds

356

multiple

260

Spouted fluid bed

237

Spouting beds

38,

74

Spouting velocity

238

Spray granules

482

Spray rate

359,

380

Spray zone

337,

351,

372

Spray-dried catalysts

438

Spray-drying

475

Stability

in fluidized beds

124

Stability

principle

124

Stabilized bed

657

Staged fluidized leaching

502

Stagnant gas stream

341

Stagnant zones

217

Stagnation

enthalpy

598

Start-up

259,

260,

735,

736

risks

856

Steel

smelting reduction

603

Steel particles

96

Stefan-Boltzman equation

171

Stepped-diameter pipelines

747

Stickiness

368,

418

Sticking

366,

381,

384

Stokes number

383, 384,

385, 386,

387,

392,

394,

416

Stokes’ velocity

775

STR 654

Strand flow

696

Strands

198,

523

Stratification

648,

651

Streamline

289,

294

Strengthening

rates

396

Strengthening

time

397

Stress tensors

30

Stress tests

452

Studsvik

96

Studsvik bed

99

Submerged heat-transfer tubes

156

Submerged-jet tests

449

Subsidence time

562,

565

Substrate

inhibition

655

Sulfite process

605

Supercritical fluid

344

Superficial gas velocity

139,

174

Superficial

velocity

61,

84,

154

Surface

heat transfer

188

Surface charge density

821

Surface renewal

164

Surface tension

382

720

Surface-active agents

853

Surfactants

337,

379, 608, 614

Surge effects

735

Suspended probes

833

Suspension

201

Suspension density

182, 185,

190

Suspension flow

752

Swarms

523

Swirl

762

Switch loading

862

Synergism number

568

Synthetic fuel

585

Synthol CFB reactors

1

T-STAR process

585, 615,

616

Takt-Schub system

686

Talc

565

Tangentials

788

Tapped bulk density

715

Taylor

instability

126, 127

TCF bleaching

610

Temperature

223,

443

elevated

111

Temperature effects

120

Temperature range

113

Temperature run-away

618

Terminal cross-sectional area

496

Terminal transport

154

Terminal velocity

155

Thermal conductivity

130,

186

Thermal radiation

190

Thermal resistance

167,

197

Thermal shock

443

Thermal transport

162

Thermite reaction

837

Thiobacillus ferroxidans

658

Three point bend test

401

Three-phase

biofluidization

625

Three-phase

fluidization

582, 583,

614,

619,

623

historical development

583

phases

583

Three-phase fluidized bed

586

Index

889

Three-phase mixtures

604

Three-phase slurry reactor

621

Threshold velocity.

452

Throughflow coefficient

17

Tidd combustor

77

Time constant

655

Time scale factor

362

Tollmien’s

Similarity

288

Tollmien’s solution

269

Torque

370

Total granulation time

397

Tote bins

863

Toxic compounds

633

Trace air system

686

Tracer gas

245

Tracer particles

305

Tracers

6

Trajectory calculations

384

Tramp metal

859

Transfer coefficient

504

Transfer factor 506

Transient conduction equation

164

Transient field reversals

856

Transition

region

117

Transition

velocity

25, 139

Transport behavior

726

134

Tribo-series

819

Tribocharge

822

Triboelectric charging

829

Triboelectrification

817,

818,

819,

823,

825,

857

Tube bank

17

horizontal

16

Tube circumference

156

Tube erosion

88

Tubes

156

Tumbler tests

453

Turbulent Bed Contactor

585

Turbulent convection

199

Turbulent to fast fluidization

139,

142

Turndown

214

Tuyere injection

754

Tuyere type

477

Two-flux radiative model

199

Two-phase convection

195

Two-phase flow

154,

696

model

9