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Yang Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

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Catalyst

446, 564

Catalyst

activation

623

Catalyst

activity

616

Catalyst

attrition

438

Catalyst attrition rate

793

Catalyst particles

 

620

 

Catalyst powders

 

562

 

Catalyst replacement

618

Catalytic cracking

1,

615

Catalytic processes

475

Catalytic reactors

 

435

 

Cell aggregates

626

 

 

Cell culture

635,

636

 

applications

623

 

 

Cell suspension

658

 

 

Cellulose

604,

605

 

 

Centrifugal bioreactor

 

660

Centrifugal force

 

794

 

 

Centripetal force

 

794

 

 

Ceramics

402

 

 

 

 

CFB

24

 

 

 

 

 

 

CFB scaling

91

 

 

 

 

laws

 

94

 

 

 

 

 

Channelling

567,

720

 

Chaotic systems

55

 

 

Characteristic

length

526

Charge control

852

 

 

Charge measurement

832

Charge

neutralization

846

Charge reduction

 

835,

836

Charge-related adhesion

829

Charge

relaxation

851

 

Charge relaxation time

 

851

Charge residence time

 

851

Charge separation

834

 

Charged particles

 

817

 

Charging

829

 

 

 

 

Chemical industry

335

 

Chemical oxygen demand (COD). See

COD

 

 

 

Chemical process industry

614

Chemical reaction

444

 

Chlorine

bleaching

609

 

Chlorine-free

bleaching

610

Choking

96,

864

 

 

Choking condition

259

 

“Choking” transition 91

 

Choking velocity

142, 145

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

875

Cinnabar

 

 

523

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Circulating beds

 

47,

91

 

 

 

 

Circulating

fluidization

174

 

 

 

Circulating fluidized beds

22,

54,

237

Circulating fluidized model

145

 

Circulation model

303

 

 

 

 

Circulation

 

times

 

344, 350

 

 

 

Classification

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mainwaring and Reed

726

 

 

slugging

722

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Classification

diagram

 

 

 

 

 

 

fluidization

718

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Classification

techniques

718

 

 

Clean-blow cycle

 

752

 

 

 

 

 

Cluster diameter

 

49

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cluster residence time

 

193

 

 

 

Cluster Reynolds number

49

 

 

Cluster strands

198

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cluster velocity

 

193

 

 

 

 

 

 

Clustering Annular Flow Model

 

 

(CAFM)

54

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Clusters

 

23,

47,

178,

192,

523

 

dense-phase

570

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CMC-Na

 

397

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CO

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

smelting reduction

 

592

 

 

 

CO conversion

6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Co-immobilization

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

algae with bacteria

 

643

 

 

 

Co-MSFB

 

545

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coal

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

liquid

fuels

583

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coal ash

 

423

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coal combustion

 

832

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coal combustion process

476

 

 

Coal gasification

 

319

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coal liquefaction

 

585

 

 

 

 

 

Coalescence

13,

366,

371,

381, 384,

 

385,

390,

411,

416

 

 

Coalescence rates

 

15

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coated particle morphology

355

 

Coaters

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

spouted bed

335

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coating

250, 333

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coating mass morphology

363

 

 

Coating mass uniformity

344,

354,

363

Coating models

 

353

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coating morphology

 

344

 

 

 

 

876 Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Coating operations

 

331,

333

 

Coating regime

387

 

 

 

 

 

Coating tablets

263

 

 

 

 

 

Coaxial

injection

316

 

 

 

 

Cocurrent solids flow

541

 

 

COD

633

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coefficient

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

heat transfer

129,

154

 

 

Coefficient of restitution

 

31,

381

Coefficient of sliding friction

31

 

Cohesion

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

electrostatic

817

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cohesive forces

64

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cohesive powders

718

 

 

 

 

Coke

423

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cold flow studies

318

 

 

 

 

Cold models

3,

6,

 

26,

77,

99

 

Collapsing bed

556

 

 

 

 

 

Collection

efficiency

 

779, 780,

782,

 

784,

794,

 

811

 

 

 

Colliding

particles

 

367

 

 

 

 

Collisions

441

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Colloidal

silica

475

 

 

 

 

 

Colonization

638

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Combustion of suspended dusts

837

Combustion processes

 

444

 

 

Combustors

1,

2,

 

23,

59, 100

 

Comminution

435,

445,

463

 

Concentration

levels

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

for explosions

839

 

 

 

 

Concentration profiles

 

293,

294

 

Concentric jets

289

 

 

 

 

 

Conduction

164

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conductive additives

 

852

 

 

Conductive coatings

 

 

835

 

 

 

Conductive particles

 

825

 

 

 

Cone discharges

849

 

 

 

 

 

Cone-dosing valve

 

735,

736

 

Cone splitter

762

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cones

780

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conical distributor plate

 

244, 247, 252

Conical grids

211

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conservation of mass

29

 

 

 

Contact angle

373,

374,

375

 

Contact efficiency

506

 

 

 

 

Contact

electrification

 

817,

819

 

Contacting

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

particle-fluid

556

 

 

 

 

 

Contained fluidized bed

660

 

 

Containment

failures

861

 

 

Continuity

572

 

 

 

 

 

Continuity equations

33

 

 

Continuous cell suspension

 

 

processing

658

 

 

 

Continuous coating

354

 

 

Continuous mode

474

 

 

 

Continuous processes

441, 446

Continuum model

28,

29

 

 

Contraction of the bed

 

84

 

 

Control of electric charges

852

 

Convection

169,

191

 

 

 

two-phase

 

195

 

 

 

 

Convective coefficient

190, 196

at the wall

 

191

 

 

 

 

Convective heat transfer

129

 

Conversion loss

11

 

 

 

 

Conveying

 

712,

713

 

 

 

Conveying characteristics

724,

739

Conveying

pipelines

747,

751

 

Conveying systems

478,

480,

482

pneumatic

 

738

 

 

 

 

Conveying velocity

483,

756

 

Cooking

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

wood chips

604,

605

 

 

Copper

493,

519

 

 

 

 

“Core-annulus” flow

144

 

 

Corex process

588

 

 

 

 

Cork particles

69

 

 

 

 

Corona

852

 

 

 

 

 

 

Corona discharge

828,

846

 

Corona needle

853

 

 

 

 

Corona

neutralization

853

 

Couette device

394

 

 

 

 

Couette granulator 394

 

 

 

Coulombic forces

832

 

 

 

Counter-down

496

 

 

 

 

Coupling effect

786

 

 

 

 

Cracking

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cracking catalyst

25

 

 

 

Cracks

398

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

propagation of

398

 

 

 

Critical specimen size

403

 

Critical strain energy release

 

rates

401,

402

 

 

 

Cultures

 

635

 

 

 

 

 

 

mixed

656

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cupriferous iron ore

519

 

 

Cushioning effect

472,

480

 

Cut point diameter

794

 

 

Cycle time distribution

250, 350

Cyclohexane

585

 

 

 

 

Cyclone attrition

478

 

 

 

Cyclone attrition rate

468,

470,

472

Cyclone capacity

795

 

 

Cyclone cones

780

 

 

 

Cyclone design

783

 

 

 

Cyclone dipleg

316

 

 

 

Cyclone efficiency

146

 

 

Cyclone inlet velocity

473

 

 

Cyclone inlets

781

 

 

 

Cyclone roof

782

 

 

 

 

Cyclones

174, 360,

467,

468,

773

low loaded

779

 

 

 

roof

782

 

 

 

 

 

D

Damage

480

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dampers

755

 

 

 

 

 

DBT 370,

372

 

 

 

 

 

De-aeration

726

 

 

 

 

 

De-aeration factor

727

 

 

 

De-aeration rate 730

 

 

 

 

De-inking

613

 

 

 

 

 

recycled paper

604

 

 

 

Death rates

345

 

 

 

 

 

Defluidization

118,

421, 423,

556

Deformation

 

 

 

 

 

 

granule

392

 

 

 

 

 

Degradation

 

438,

441,

443

 

 

Degradation behavior

437

 

 

Degradation

probability

444

 

 

Delignification

605,

608, 609

 

DeMarco-Lockwood flux model

598

Dense bed

538

 

 

 

 

 

Dense bed expansion

88

 

 

Dense-particle phase

190, 171

 

Dense phase

126,

127,

683,

724

Dense phase convection

191,

192

Dense phase conveying

480,

683

advantages

693

 

 

 

 

Dense phase suitability

730

 

 

Dense phase system

753

 

 

Dense phase transport

683, 708

Dense phase transport systems

 

706

Density

120,

185

 

 

 

 

 

Density

manipulation

641

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

877

Density

ratio

 

41, 55, 72, 94, 573

 

solid-to-gas

53,

80

 

 

 

 

Design decisions

257

 

 

 

 

Design procedure

742

 

 

 

 

Desulfurization

586

 

 

 

 

Deterministic chaotic systems

 

55

 

Devolatilizer

 

237, 263

 

 

 

Di-butyl-phthalate. See DBT

 

 

 

Diameter

364

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mean

 

37

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

surface volume mean

720

 

 

 

Diameter effect

725

 

 

 

 

Dicalite

 

372

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Difficult-to-convey materials

751

 

Diffusion

coefficients

354

 

 

 

Digesters

609

 

 

 

 

 

 

batch

608

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dilatometer

423

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dilatometry

418

 

 

 

 

 

Dilute phase conveying

480

 

 

 

Dilute-phase

flow

752

 

 

 

 

Dilution

 

liquor

608

 

 

 

 

 

Dimensional

analysis

654

 

 

 

Dimensionless parameters 69,

102

 

Dimensionless subsidence time

562,

565

DIOS process

599

 

 

 

 

 

DIOS smelting

601

 

 

 

 

 

Dioxin

 

609

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dipleg pipe

780

 

 

 

 

 

 

Diplegs

 

316,

812,

813

 

 

 

Discharge valves

 

 

 

 

 

 

blow tank

 

749

 

 

 

 

 

Discharges

828,

846

 

 

 

 

capacitive

 

841

 

 

 

 

 

electrostatic

850

 

 

 

 

 

Dispersion coefficient

22

 

 

 

Dissipation mechanisms

850

 

 

 

Dissolution test

355

 

 

 

 

Distribution

533

 

 

 

 

 

Distributor

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

bullet-head

516

 

 

 

 

 

Distributor attrition rate

461

 

 

 

Distributor design

10

 

 

 

 

Distributor plates

254,

257,

361

 

Distributor zone

537

 

 

 

 

Distributors

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

gas

476

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DITS

659

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dividing gas streamline

289

 

 

 

878 Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Dixon

classifications

724

 

 

 

Dixon

slugging

classification

722

 

Dolomite/limestone

80

 

 

 

 

Donor Solvent process

585

 

 

 

Dose-dumping

 

354

 

 

 

 

 

Double entry fluidized bed reactor

 

660

Downcomer

239,

247, 250

 

 

 

Downcomer aeration

252

 

 

 

Downcomer pressure drop

242

 

 

Downflowing layers

24

 

 

 

 

Draft tube

 

237,

238,

239, 240,

247,

 

 

250,

335,

356,

362,

364,

650

multiple

 

260

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Draft tube fluidized bed reactor

626

Drag

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fluid-particle

 

51

 

 

 

 

 

Drag coefficient

35,

36,

43,

44,

155

Drift

flux

13

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Drop shatter tests

 

452

 

 

 

 

Droplet size

340

 

 

 

 

 

 

distribution

339

 

 

 

 

 

Dry paste

370

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dual-fluid

nozzle

 

339

 

 

 

 

Dually injected turbulent separation

 

 

(DITS) 659

 

 

 

 

 

 

Duct design

755

 

 

 

 

 

 

Duct sizing

754

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ductwork

 

756

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dust

 

435,

758

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dust control systems

760

 

 

 

Dust explosions

837,

861

 

 

 

Dust extraction

 

754,

758

 

 

 

Dust extraction system

759

 

 

 

Dust extraction systems

766

 

 

 

Dust hoppers

780

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dust

ignition

836,

838,

841

 

 

 

Dynacracking process

263

 

 

 

Dynamic wave

 

124

 

 

 

 

 

E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ebullated bed

585

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ebullated bed reactors

615, 616,

618

Economics

 

661

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Effective bed emissivity

171

 

 

 

Effectiveness factor

506, 651

 

 

 

Efficiency

 

794

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Elasticity

124

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Electric field strength

828

 

 

 

Electric field threshold

852

 

 

 

Electrical

discharge

 

828

 

 

 

 

Electrical grounding

 

 

857,

865

 

 

Electroclamping

836, 857, 865

 

 

Electrofluidized beds

 

836

 

 

 

Electrolyte concentration

646

 

 

Electrostatic discharges

817, 837,

849

Electrostatic dust ignition

 

841

 

 

Electrostatic effects

 

69,

835

 

 

Electrostatic hazards

 

836,

850,

854

Electrostatic

ignition

 

818

 

 

 

Electrostatic measurements

831

 

 

Electrostatic phenomena

829

 

 

Electrostatic

potential

828

 

 

 

Electrostatic risks

857

 

 

 

 

Electrostatic sparks

 

839, 861

 

 

Electrosuspensions

 

825

 

 

 

 

Elemental chlorine-free (ECF)

 

 

bleaching

610

 

 

 

 

 

 

Elutriated mass

441,

442,

445

 

 

Elutriated

particles

 

438

 

 

 

 

Elutriation of fines

 

316

 

 

 

 

Elutriation of solid particles

315

 

 

Elutriation

rate

441,

446,

450,

467

Emissivity

171

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EMMS model

570

 

 

 

 

 

 

Emulsion phase

236

 

 

 

 

 

Encapsulation

250

 

 

 

 

 

 

Energy dissipation

381,

572

 

 

Energy

requirement

 

 

593

 

 

 

 

Energy transfer

153

 

 

 

 

 

Energy-minimized multiscale model

569

Entrainment

131,

185,

289, 308

 

solids

311

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Entrainment

velocity

 

308

 

 

 

Equations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

dimensionless

29

 

 

 

 

 

Equipment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fluidization

854

 

 

 

 

 

 

Equipment efficiency

 

512

 

 

 

Equipotentials

827

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ergun equation

41,

 

43,

242

 

 

Ergun expression

39

 

 

 

 

Ergun

relationship

36, 44

 

 

 

Erosion

223, 747, 780

 

 

 

 

ESD

817

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Esters

585

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ethanol fermentation

 

658,

661

 

 

Ethanol production

 

586

 

 

 

 

Ethylene polymerization

585

 

 

Euler numbers

169

 

 

 

 

Evaporation

 

 

 

 

 

 

binder

371

 

 

 

 

 

of atomized droplets

340

 

Evaporation time

343

 

 

 

Exothermic reactions

837

 

Expansion

122

 

 

 

 

 

dense bed

88

 

 

 

 

 

Expansion effect

483

 

 

 

Experimental verification

65

Explosion examples

859

 

 

Explosion incidents

859

 

 

Explosion risk

839

 

 

 

 

Explosions

818,

829,

837,

849

secondary

861

 

 

 

 

Extraction systems

 

 

 

 

dust

754

 

 

 

 

 

 

F

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Falling cluster strands

198

 

Falling strands

198

 

 

 

 

False roof

782

 

 

 

 

 

Fast fluidization

173, 174,

523,

 

525,

533

 

 

 

 

Fast fluidized beds

178,

185

hydrodynamics

175

 

 

 

FCC catalyst

122, 225, 229, 564, 570

Feed line

289

 

 

 

 

 

Feed temperature

618

 

 

 

Fermentation

583,

586,

626, 634

Film coating techniques.

 

332

Film resistance 165

 

 

 

Filtration

360

 

 

 

 

 

Fine particles

315

 

 

 

 

Fine powder

365

 

 

 

 

Fines

315, 435,

440,

835

 

reinjection

315

 

 

 

 

residence time

315,

317

 

Fire triangle

837

 

 

 

 

Fires

818,

829

 

 

 

 

 

Fischer-Tropsch (F-T)

584,

614, 619

Fixed bed systems

583

 

 

 

Fixed beds

169

 

 

 

 

 

Flakes

758

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flamelike jet

308,

311

 

 

Flammable dust

818

 

 

 

Flat distributor plate

244

 

 

Flexible intermediate

bulk

 

 

containers

859

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

879

Flocs

651

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flooding point characteristic

497

 

Flotation cells

 

613

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flotation

de-inking

613

 

 

 

 

Flow

115

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flow aids

 

392

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flow behavior

726

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flow patterns

296

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flow rates

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

gas

647

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flow ratio

245, 247

 

 

 

 

 

Flow regime transitions

 

20

 

 

Flow regimes

154

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flow

splitting

 

760,

762

 

 

 

Flow splitting system

765

 

 

Flow system

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

two-phase

572

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flow through packed beds

154

 

Flue gas desulfurization

 

586

 

Fluid bed granulation

366,

372

 

Fluid bed granulator

 

387

 

 

Fluid dynamics model

317

 

 

Fluid flow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

no net

546

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fluid mechanics

197

 

 

 

 

 

Fluid penetration rate

377

 

 

Fluid-bed granulator

 

357

 

 

Fluid-lift solids recirculator

237

 

Fluid-particle

drag

51

 

 

 

 

Fluid-particle

interaction

 

570

 

Fluid-particle systems

112

 

 

Fluidization

 

423, 567,

573, 718

 

classification

diagram

 

718

 

semi-

551

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fluidization

characteristics

 

 

of particles

 

556

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fluidization

equipment

854

 

Fluidization

properties

421

 

Fluidization

regime

644

 

 

 

 

Fluidization

regimes

 

139,

154

 

Fluidization systems

 

583

 

 

three-phase. See Three-phase

 

fluidization

systems

 

 

 

 

Fluidization

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

velocity

113,

118,

161, 254,

720

Fluidized bed combustor

 

59

 

Fluidized bed granulation

365

 

Fluidized bed process

113,

455

 

Fluidized bed tests

449

 

 

 

 

880 Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Fluidized

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

beds

1,

 

22,

100,

435,

445,

585

advantages

 

331

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

with draft tube

356

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fluidized dense-phase

724,

752

 

Fluidizing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

characteristics

 

562,

564,

565, 567

Fluidizing-discharge-cone

 

735, 736

Flux model 598

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fly ash

739

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FMC char

270

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Foaming

 

600

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Foaming slags

 

602

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Food industry

 

335

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Force balance

 

572,

703

 

 

 

 

 

Force probe

276,

279,

299

 

 

 

Foscolo and Gibilaro theory

125

 

Foster Wheeler circulating bed

100

 

Fractional

 

efficiency

777

 

 

 

 

Fractional heat recovery

 

509

 

 

 

Fracture toughness

 

399,

 

400,

402

 

Fragmentation

 

437,

439

 

 

 

 

Free fall

 

506

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Freeboard region

317

 

 

 

 

 

 

Frequency ratios 69

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Friability

 

446,

447,

453

 

 

 

 

Friability

tests

 

447,

448,

452

 

 

Friction

 

31

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Friction angle

 

38,

75

 

 

 

 

 

 

Friction factor

 

154,

243,

695, 742

 

Froude number

25,

38,

44,

61,

 

Fuel

270,

272, 748

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

unanticipated

862,

863

 

 

 

Funnel-flow effects

 

733

 

 

 

 

 

Furnace

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

energy efficiency

593

 

 

 

 

G

G/S contacting

502,

504,

506, 508

bubbleless

507

 

 

G/S particle systems

506

 

Gas bypassing

244,

245,

247,

250,

252

 

 

 

Gas conductivity

158

 

Gas convection

169

 

 

Gas convective component

87

Gas density 112,

113, 120

Gas distributors

209,

455, 476

 

 

Gas filtering

360

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gas flow

361

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gas flow rates

 

647

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gas handling equipment

357

 

 

 

 

Gas holdup

645,

646

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gas inertia

53

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gas inlet devices

32

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gas leakage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

from bubble

275

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gas logging

660,

661

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gas mixing

289

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gas phase convection

 

191

 

 

 

 

Gas thermal properties

 

191

 

 

 

 

Gas tracer

245

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gas velocity

10,

173,

422,

441,

 

 

464,

 

480,

482

 

 

 

 

 

Gas viscosity

 

112,

113,

120,

131

 

Gas-solid contacting

 

4

 

 

 

 

 

Gas-solid two-phase jets

265,

308

 

Gas-to-solid density ratio

94,

97

 

Gas/solid (G/S) contacting

502.

See also

G/S contacting

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gasification

263,

319

 

 

 

 

 

 

coal

599

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gasifiers

90,

 

315

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gatty system

 

686

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gauss’s law

826

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Geldart

classification

720, 721,

722

Geldart Group

 

114,

120

 

 

 

 

 

Geldart Group A powders

119

 

 

 

Geldart powder categories

75

 

 

 

Geldart type D

356

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Germination damage

479

 

 

 

 

Gill plates

361

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Glass particles

 

96

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Glucose

585

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grace-Davison jet-cup attrition test

453

Grain damage

 

480

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grains

398

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Granular

particles

 

642

 

 

 

 

 

 

Granular solids

817

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Granular surface

382

 

 

 

 

 

 

Granulation 250,

365,

366,

384,

386,

 

390,

 

395,

416

 

 

 

 

 

Granulation operations

331,

333

 

Granulation

regimes

 

387

 

 

 

 

 

Granulator

357

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Granulator designs

360

 

 

 

 

 

Granule deformation

392

 

 

Granule formation

366

 

 

Granule fracture

405

 

 

 

Granule growth

368,

373, 380

Granule size distribution

407,

409, 413

Granule strengthening

392

 

Granules

384,

398

 

 

 

Gray surface

201

 

 

 

 

Green agglomerates

392,

394

 

Grid 209

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

particle attrition at

135

 

Grid design

209,

212

 

 

Grid hole pitch

217

 

 

 

Grid holes

217

 

 

 

 

 

Grid jet attrition

476

 

 

 

Grid jet attrition rate

462

 

 

Grid pressure-drop

214

 

 

Grindability

447

 

 

 

 

Ground connections

 

857

 

 

Group A

126,

129,

720,

724,

 

730,

733

 

 

 

 

Group B

126,

129,

130,

143,

720,

724,

731,

733

 

 

Group C

720,

724,

731,

733

 

Group D

126,

129,

169,

720,

724,

731,

732

 

 

 

 

Growth functions

346

 

 

Growth rate

390

 

 

 

 

Gwyn equation

442

 

 

 

Gwyn-type attrition apparatus 450

Gwyn-type test

458

 

 

 

H

H-Coal process

585

H-Oil 615

 

H-Oil process

585

Hamaker’s two-flux formulation 172

Handling operations

862

Hardgrove Index 447, 453

Hardness

405

 

 

wall 443

 

 

Hartmann

cell

841

 

Hazards

829

 

 

electrostatic

818

 

Head loss

766

 

 

Heat capacity

191

 

Heat exchanger tubes

467

Heat recovery

509,

523

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

881

Heat transfer

 

87, 129,

130, 131,

 

 

 

153,

504,

506,

508,

512,

 

 

 

594,

595,

598,

601

 

 

Heat transfer coefficient

 

155,

158,

185

Heat transfer coefficients

179

 

 

at the wall

 

182

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heat transfer efficiency (HTE)

593,

595

Heat transfer parameters

 

158, 181, 512

Heat transfer rate

84

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heat transfer stage

508

 

 

 

 

Heat transfer surface

 

188

 

 

 

Heating

 

360

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heating rate dilatometry

 

418

 

 

Heavy ions

854

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Helical

baffles

659

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hemicelluloses

605

 

 

 

 

 

 

Herbs

496

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heteropolysaccharides

 

633

 

 

High-pressure feeders

 

713

 

 

 

High-pressure pinch valve

 

749

 

HIsmelt process

599

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hole density

 

217

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Horizontal tube

156

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hot beds

59,

76, 99

 

 

 

 

 

Hot melt coatings

357

 

 

 

 

 

Humidification

831,

835

 

 

 

Humidity

443

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Humidity control

359

 

 

 

 

 

Hydraulic nozzles

339

 

 

 

 

 

Hydrocarbon synthesis

 

4

 

 

 

 

Hydrocarbons

 

6

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Hydrocol” reaction

 

6

 

 

 

 

 

Hydrocracking

615,

618

 

 

 

Hydrodemetallization

615

 

 

 

Hydrodenitrogenation

 

615

 

 

 

Hydrodeoxygenation

 

615

 

 

 

Hydrodesulfurization

 

615

 

 

 

Hydrodynamic behavior

 

22

 

 

Hydrodynamic characteristics

295

 

Hydrodynamic diameter

 

25

 

 

Hydrodynamic scaling parameters 69

Hydrodynamic simulation

 

88

 

 

Hydrodynamic Theory

 

124, 125

 

Hydrodynamics

4,

6,

13,

35,

124,

178

bioreactor

 

643

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hydrogen consumption

619

 

 

Hydrogenator

 

263

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hydrophilic

375

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

882 Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Hydrophobic

 

375

 

 

 

 

J

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hydrotreating

614,

615,

618

Jenike shear stress unit

699

 

 

Hysteresis

538

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jet

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

flamelike

308

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ignition dust and powders

836

Jet attrition

456,

457,

458

 

 

Jet attrition test devices

448

 

 

Ignition hazard

 

849

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jet flow regimes

265

 

 

 

 

Ignition of suspensions

837

 

 

 

 

Jet half-angle

260,

271,

273,

311,

313

Ignition

risks

844

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jet momentum flux

 

272

 

 

 

Ignition sources

837, 839

 

 

 

 

Jet nozzle

251

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ignitions

841,

846,

854,

858

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jet penetration

137,

212,

270,

272,

Ilmenite ores

 

423

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

273,

301

 

 

 

 

 

 

Immobilization

 

637,

642

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jet penetration data

 

138

 

 

 

Impact stress

 

452

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jet penetration equation

259

 

 

Incendive discharges

848

 

 

Jet velocity

247,

289,

460

 

 

Indentation fracture test

401

 

 

Jet-cup apparatus

 

453

 

 

 

 

Induction charging

824,

825

 

 

 

 

 

Jet-cup attrition test

453

 

 

 

Industrial

applications

 

582

 

 

 

 

Jets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Inertia

53

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

gas-solid two-phase

265

 

 

Inertial

granulation

386

 

 

 

 

upwardly-directed

212

 

 

 

Inertial

regime

 

387

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jetting

265

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Inerting

 

861

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jetting fluidized bed

237,

265,

295

 

Inerting system

 

838

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jetting region

264,

301,

457

 

 

Inhibition

656

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jigging

551,

555

 

 

 

 

 

 

Injection

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

K

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

multipoint

 

754

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ink particles

613

 

 

 

 

Kappa number

605,

608

 

 

 

Ink removal

613

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Inlet catch

794

 

 

 

 

 

Kernel

 

 

 

411

 

 

 

 

 

Inlets

781

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

coalescence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kinetic motion of molecules 196

 

Inoculum

632

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interaction

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kinetic wave

124

 

 

 

 

 

fluid-particle

 

570

 

 

 

Kmiec correlation

121

 

 

 

 

Interfacial

energies

373

 

Kolmogorov entropy

55

 

 

 

Internally circulating fluidized bed 237

Kraft process

605

 

 

 

 

 

Internals

6,

467,

478

 

 

Kramers

relation

 

512

 

 

 

 

Interparticle Force Theory

124

L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interparticle forces

30,

31

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interparticle

friction

38

 

Large-diameter pipeline systems

752

Intraparticle mass transfer

643

Layering

366, 409

 

 

 

 

 

Iron 496

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LC-Fining process

585, 615

 

 

Iron ores

545,

553,

588

 

Leaching

492,

496,

502

 

 

 

Iron oxide dust

 

755,

758

 

Leakage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Iron oxide pellets

588

 

 

electric charge

 

851

 

 

 

 

Iron oxide reduction

599

 

Lean gas phase

189

 

 

 

 

 

Iron-bath reactors

588,

590, 593

Lean phase gas convection

191

 

Isothermal

dilatometry

420

Lean phase heat transfer coefficient

192

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Levitation

547,

551

 

 

 

 

Lignin

604,

605, 608

 

 

 

Limits

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

viscous or inertial

53

 

 

Lined vessels

 

860

 

 

 

 

Liner

material

859

 

 

 

 

Liquid binder

 

373

 

 

 

 

Liquid bridges

366,

368,

369,

382

Liquid iron

590

 

 

 

 

Liquid

mixing

647

 

 

 

 

Liquid-solids velocity ratio

496

 

Loading and unloading

855

 

Local suspension density

 

186

 

Long-distance applications

752

 

Long-distance systems

 

739, 747

Loss equations

766

 

 

 

 

Low-temperature F-T synthesis

620

Low-velocity slug-flow

724

 

“Lubricants”

 

475

 

 

 

 

Lubrication

787

 

 

 

 

Lumped coefficients

3

 

 

 

M

Macromixing 583

Magnesium 423 Magnetic beads 642 Magnetic particles 641

Magnetically stabilized fluidized beds 657, 658

Magnetizing roaster 519

Mainwaring and Reed classification 726

Mass coating distributions

351

Mass distribution

347

 

Mass flux

175

 

 

 

Mass transfer

648,

651

 

Mass transfer coefficient

9, 648

volumetric

650

 

 

Mass uniformity

344

 

Materials

characterization

398

Maurer discharges

849

 

Maxwell charge

824

 

Maxwell’s

distribution 197

Mean diameter

 

720

 

Measurement

 

 

 

 

particle charge

832

 

Mechanistic model

 

 

circulation

303

 

 

Medicinal herbs

496

 

Melter-gasifiers

 

588

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Index

883

Membrane walls

178

 

 

 

Mercury extraction

523

 

 

Merry’s correlation

213,

229

 

Metal objects

 

 

 

 

 

 

tramp

 

859

 

 

 

 

 

 

Methanogenic

 

656

 

 

 

Methanogens

633

 

 

 

 

Methanol

 

621

 

 

 

 

 

Mickley-Fairbanks model

164

 

Microwave

heating

360

 

 

MIE 841

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Minimal

potential energy

572

 

Minimum duct velocity

756

 

Minimum

fluidization

154

 

Minimum

ignition energy

839

 

Minimum

sintering

temperature 418

Minipot

 

690

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mixing

6,

20,

413

 

 

 

of phases

647

 

 

 

 

solids

 

237,

648

 

 

 

Mixing zone

293

 

 

 

 

Mixture density

185

 

 

 

Modeling

 

344,

480,

651

 

post-combustion

598

 

 

Models

 

2,

4,

26,

44, 100

 

bubbling bed

82

 

 

 

CFB

 

91

 

 

 

 

 

 

design

 

56,

61

 

 

 

 

fluidized bed

26

 

 

 

gas throughflow

84

 

 

mechanistically based

191

 

post-combustion

598

 

 

reactor

 

653

 

 

 

 

 

simplifications

39

 

 

 

small scale

39

 

 

 

 

Modulating

valve

736

 

 

Moller Turbuflow

686

 

 

Momentum balance

598,

699

 

Momentum flux

272

 

 

 

Monoclonal antibodies

586

 

Monod kinetics

655,

656

 

Morphology of particle coat 354,

355

Motion equations

28,

29

 

 

Movies

 

69

 

 

 

 

 

 

Moving-bed transport

707

 

Moving packed bed model

699

 

Multi-flux

analysis

201

 

 

Multi-orifice plates

361

 

 

Multiphase

flow

604

 

 

 

884 Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Multiple draft tubes

362

 

Multipoint

injection

754

 

Multiscale

modelling

571

 

Multisolids bed

88

 

 

 

Multistage fluid bed

538

 

N

 

 

 

 

 

 

Natural vortex length

778

 

Neutralization

 

 

 

 

charge

 

854

 

 

 

 

NH 514

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nitridation

 

 

 

 

 

 

carbothermal

423

 

 

Non-inertial

granulation

386

Non-inertial

regime

390,

418

Non-solid granules

392

 

Nonbubbling system

492

 

Nondimensionalized values

28

Novel particles 641

 

 

 

Nozzles 339

 

 

 

 

Nucleation

 

366,

371,

409

Nuclei size

 

375

 

 

 

 

Numerical models

2

 

 

Numerical solution techniques 413

Nusselt number

169,

186,

512

O

 

 

 

 

 

Off-gas temperatures

594

 

Olivine sand

77

 

 

 

Ore preheating

519

 

 

Organic solvent processes

359

Orifice equation

216

 

 

Orifices 461

 

 

 

 

Oscillating

fluid

551

 

 

Oscillating

valve

736

 

 

Oscillation

547,

551

 

 

Oscillation

generator

555

 

Outlet tube

782

 

 

 

Oven dried pulp

604

 

 

Ozone decomposition

5, 9

P

 

 

 

 

 

Packet conductivity 166

 

Packet model

172

 

 

“Pant leg” design

2

 

 

Paper

 

 

 

 

 

recycled

604

 

 

 

Paper industry

604

 

 

Parametric effects

181, 182

 

 

 

Particle

attrition

 

134,

220,

222

 

Particle balances

 

474

 

 

 

 

 

Particle characteristics

637

 

 

 

Particle

charging

 

818,

819

 

 

 

beneficial

 

836

 

 

 

 

 

 

Particle coating

 

354

 

 

 

 

 

Particle cohesion

 

418

 

 

 

 

 

Particle collision mechanism

314

 

Particle convection

169

 

 

 

 

Particle convective heat transfer

131

Particle

degradation

435,

441,

 

 

 

443,

479

 

 

 

 

 

 

Particle density

 

777

 

 

 

 

 

Particle

density manipulation

641

 

Particle

diameter

 

182

 

 

 

 

 

Particle drag

 

95

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Particle effectiveness factor

651

 

Particle

electromechanics

869

 

 

Particle

materials

 

638

 

 

 

 

 

Particle mechanical properties

 

31

 

Particle packets

 

164,

192

 

 

 

Particle sampling methods

833

 

Particle shape

439,

724

 

 

 

 

Particle size

 

2,

3,

62,

113,

114,

 

 

125,

129,

147,

191,

385,

 

409,

439,

639,

792,

841

determining

715

 

 

 

 

 

Particle size distribution

11,

380,

436,

 

437,

439,

567,

724

 

 

Particle size selection

567, 716

 

Particle sphericity

73, 717

 

 

 

Particle structure

 

438

 

 

 

 

 

Particle

terminal

velocity

191

 

 

Particle

trajectories

308

 

 

 

 

Particle

velocity

 

197,

251,

308,

313

Particle-enhanced convection

196

 

Particle-fluid

behavior

573

 

 

 

Particle-fluid

system

571, 572

 

 

Particle-gas suspension

201

 

 

 

Particle-particle interactions

31

 

Particle-to-pipe diameter

725

 

 

Particle/gas suspension

185

 

 

 

Particles

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

granular

642

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mixed-sizes

 

158

 

 

 

 

 

 

novel

 

641

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Particulate

fluidization

573

 

 

 

Particulate

material

398

 

 

 

 

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