Yang Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Three-Phase Fluidization Systems 665

Béjar, P., Casas, C., Gòdia, F., and Solà, C., “The Influence of Physical Properties on the Operation of a Three Phase Fluidized-Bed Fermenter with Yeast Cells Immobilized in Ca-Alginate,” App. Biochem. Biotechnol., 34/35 (1992)

Berk, D., Behie, L. A., Jones, A., Lesser, B. H., and Gaucher, G. M., “The Production of the Antibiotic Patulin in a Three Phase Fluidized Bed Reactor: I. Effect of Medium Composition,” Can. J. Chem. Eng., 62:112 (1984)

Birch, J. R., Boraston, R., and Wood, L., “Bulk Production of Monoclonal Antibodies in Fermenters,” Trends in Biotech., 3(7):1 (1985)

Bly, M. J., and Worden, R. M., “Gas Holdup in a Three-Phase Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 24/25:553, (1990)

Boening, R. E., McDaniel, N. K., Petersen, R. D., and Van Driesen, R. P., “Recent Data on Resid Hydrocracker,” Hydrocarbon Proc., 66:59 (1987)

Borja, R., and Banks, C. J., “Kinetics of an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed System Used for the Purification of Fruit Processing Waste-Water,” Chem. Eng. J., 54:B25 (1994)

Borja, R., and Banks, C. J., “Response of an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor Treating Ice-Cream Wastewater to Organic, Hydraulic, Temperature and pH Shocks,” J. Biotechnol., 39:251 (1995)

Bramble, J. L., Graves, D. J., and Brodelius, P., “Plant Cell Culture Using a Novel Bioreactor: The Magnetically Stabilized Fluidized Bed,” Biotechnol. Prog., 6:452 (1990)

Bravo, P., and Gonzalez, G., “Continuous Ethanol Fermentation by Immobilized Yeast Cells in a Fluidized-Bed Reactor,” J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 52:127 (1991)

Brotzmann, K., “Smelting Reduction in Iron Baths,” Steel Res., 60:110 (1989)

Busche, R. M., and Allen, B. R., “Technoeconomics of Butanol Extractive Fermentation in a Multiphase Fluidized Bed Bioreactor,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 20/21:357 (1989)

Busche, R. M., Scott, C. D., Davison, B. H., and Lynd, L. R., “Ethanol, the Ultimate Feedstock,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 34/35:395 (1992)

Chang, H. T., Rittmann, B. E., Amar, D., Heim, R., Ehlinger, O., and Lesty, Y., “Biofilm Detachment Mechanisms in a Liquid-Fluidized Bed,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 38:499 (1991)

Chang, H. T., and Rittmann, B. E., “Predicting Bed Dynamics in Three-Phase, Fluidized-Bed Biofilm Reactors,” Wat. Sci. Tech., 29(10–11):231 (1994)

Charles, M., and Wilson, J., “Fermentor Design,” Bioprocess Engineering: Systems, Equipment, and Facilities, (B. J. Lydersen, N. A. D’Elia, and K. L. Nelson, eds.), p. 3, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1994)

666 Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Chen, G. C., “Application of a Surfactant as a Kraft Pulping Additive,” Tappi J., 77(2):125 (1994)

Chevalier, P., and de la Noüe, J., “Behavior of Algae and Bacteria Co-Immobilized in Carrageenan, in a Fluidized Bed,” Enzyme Microb. Technol., 10:19 (1988)

Clausen, G., Chan, T., Nongbri, G., and Kaufman, H., “Texaco Processes for a Bottomless Hydrogen Refinery,” paper presented at the Japan Petroleum Institute Conference on Refining Technologies, Tokyo (1992)

Coelhoso, I., Boaventura, R., and Rodrigues, A., “Biofilm Reactors: An Experimental and Modeling Study of Wastewater Denitrification in Fluidized-Bed Reactors of Activated Carbon Particles,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 40:625 (1992)

Converti, A., Del Borghi, M., and Ferraiolo, G., “Influence of Organic Loading Rate on the Anaerobic Treatment of High Strength Semisynthetic Waste Waters in a Biological Fluidized Bed,” Chem. Eng. J., 52:B21 (1993)

Cyr, M. E., Embley, D. F., and MacLeod, J. M., “Stronger Kraft Softwood Pulp - Achieved!,” Tappi J., 72(10):157 (1989)

da Silva, S. S., and Afschar, A. S., “Microbial Production of Xylitol from D- Xylose using Candida Tropicalis,” Bioproc. Eng., 11:129 (1994)

Davison, B. H., “Dispersion and Holdup in a Three-Phase Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 20/21:449 (1989)

Davison, B. H., and Scott, C. D., “A Proposed Bioparticle Fluidized-Bed for Lactic Acid Fermentation and Simultaneous Adsorption,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 39:365 (1992)

Davison, B. H., and Thompson, J. E., “Simultaneous Fermentation and Separation of Lactic Acid in a Bioparticle Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 34/35:431 (1992)

Davison, B. H., Knopp, S. A., Godia, F., and Solá, C., “Stability Characterization and Comparison of Two Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors,” Bioproc. Eng., 10:1 (1994)

Dayal, B. S., MacGregor, J. F., Taylor, P. A., Kildaw, R., and Marcikio, S., “Application of Feedforward Neural Networks and Partial Least Squares Regression for Modelling Kappa Number in a Continuous Kamyr Digester,” Pulp & Paper Can., 95(1):26 (1994)

Deckwer, W. D., Bubble Column Reactors, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England (1992)

Denac, M., and Dunn, I. J., “Packedand Fluidized-Bed Biofilm Reactor Performance for Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 32:159 (1988)

Three-Phase Fluidization Systems 667

Denac, M., Lee, P. L., Newell, R. B., and Greenfield, P. F., “Automatic Control of Effluent Quality from a High-Rate Anaerobic Treatment System,” Wat. Res., 24:583 (1990)

Donath, E. E., “Hydrogenation of Coal and Tar,” Chem. of Coal Utilization (H. H. Lowry, ed.), Supplementary Volume, p. 1041, John Wiley (1963)

Dumont, G. A., “Application of Advanced Control Methods in the Pulp and Paper Industry - A Survey,” Automatica, 22:143 (1986)

Ehlinger, F., Escoffier, Y., Couderc, J. P., Leyris, J. P., and Moletta, R., “Development of an Automatic Control System for Monitoring an Anaerobic Fluidized-Bed,” Wat. Sci. Tech., 29(10-11):289 (1994)

Eidt, Jr., C. M., Bauman, R. F., Eisenberg, B., Hochman, J. M., and Lahn, G. C., “Current Developments in Natural Gas Conversion Technology,” Proc. of the 14th World Petroleum Cong., p. 249, John Wiley & Sons (1994)

Endo, I., Nagamune, T., Kato, N., Kobayashi, T., and Nishimura, M., paper 25c presented at the AIChE Annual Meeting, Miami Beach (1986)

Etzensperger, M., Thoma, S., Petrozzi, S., and Dunn, I. J., “Phenol Degradation in a Three-Phase Biofilm Fluidized Sand Bed Reactor,” Bioproc. Eng., 4:175 (1989)

Everett, B. M., Eisenberg, B., and Baumann, R. F., “Advanced Gas Conversion Technology: A New Option for Natural Gas Development,” presented at the First Doha Conference on Natural Gas, Doha, Qatar (1995)

Fan, L. S., Kitano, K., and Kreischer, B. E., “Hydrodynamics of Gas-Liquid-Solid Annular Fluidization,” AIChE J., 33:225 (1987a)

Fan, L. S., Fujie, K., Long, T. R., and Tang, W. T., “Characteristics of Draft Tube Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor with Immobilized Living Cells for Phenol Degradation,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 30:498 (1987b)

Fan, L. S., Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidization Eng., Butterworth, Boston (1989)

Farag, I. H., Ettouney, H. M., and Raj. C. B. C., “Modeling of Ethanol Bioproduction in Three-Phase Fluidized Bed Reactors,” Chem. Eng. Comm., 79:47 (1989)

Farrand, B. L., Wood, J. E., and Goetz, F. J., “Post Combustion Trials at Dofasco’s KOBM Furnace,” AIME Steelmaking Conf. Proc., p. 173 (1992)

Federici, F., Petruccioli, M., and Miller, M. W., “Enhancement and Stabilization of the Production of Glucoamylase by Immobilized Cells of Aureobasidium pullulans in a Fluidized-Bed Reactor,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 33:407 (1990)

Fine, H. A., Fruehan, R. J., Janke, D., and Steffen, R., “Conclusions on the Development of Smelting Reduction,” Steel Res., 60:188 (1989)

Flickenschild, J., “Results from the Corex-Plant Operation at ISCOR, Pretoria,” Techno Meeting, IISI, Stockholm (1991)

668 Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Fröhlich, S., Lotz, M., Korte, T., Lübbert, A., Schügerl, K., Seekamp, M., “Characterization of a Pilot Plant Airlift Tower Loop Bioreactor: II. Evaluation of Global Mixing Properties of the Gas Phase During Yeast Cultivation,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 37:910 (1991a)

Fröhlich, S., Lotz, M., Larson, B., Lübbert, A., Schügerl, K., Seekamp, M., “Characterization of a Pilot Plant Airlift Tower Loop Bioreactor: III. Evaluation of Local Properties of the Dispersed Gas Phase During Yeast Cultivation and in a Model Media,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 38:56 (1991b)

Fruehan, R. J., Ito, K., and Ozturk, B., “Analysis of Bath Smelting Processes for Producing Iron,” Steel Res., 60:129 (1989)

Fujii, M., Matayoshi, Y., Umeda, T., Matsubara, S., Fukunaga, K., and Nomura, Y., “Research on Treatment by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans of Pickling and Plating Waste Waters at Steelworks,” Nippon Steel Technical Report, 37:59 (1988)

Garnier, A., Chavarie, C., Andre, G., and Klvana, D., “The Inverse Fluidization Airlift Bioreactor, Part I: Hydrodynamic Studies,” Chem. Eng. Comm., 98:31 (1990)

Gaskell, D. R., “Research Needs; Slag Properties and Chemistry,” Steel Res., 60:182 (1989)

Germain, A., L’Homme, G. A., and Lefebvre, A., Chem. Eng. of Gas-Liquid- Solid Catalyst Reactions (G. A. L’Homme, ed.), p. 265, CEBEDOC, Liege (1979)

Gilson, C. D., and Thomas, A., “A Novel Fluidised Bed Bioreactor for Fermentation of Glucose to Ethanol Using Alginate Immobilised Yeast,” Biotechnol. Tech., 7:397 (1993)

Godia, F., Adler, H. I., Scott, C. D., and Davison, B. H., “Use of Immobilized Microbial Membrane Fragments to Remove Oxygen and Favor the AcetoneButanol Fermentation,” Biotechnol. Prog., 6:210 (1990)

Goetz, V., Remaud, M., and Graves, D. J., “A Novel Magnetic Silica Support for Use in Chromatographic and Enzymatic Bioprocessing,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 37:614 (1991)

Gommers, P. J. F., Christoffels, L. P., Kuenen, J. G., and Luyben, K. C. A. M., “Gas-Phase Influence on the Mixing in a Fluidized Bed Bio-Reactor,”

Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 25:1 (1986)

Gonçalves, L. M. D., Barreto, M. T. O., Xavier, A. M. B. R., Carrondo, M. J. T., and Klein, J., “Inert Supports for Lactic Acid Fermentation - A Technological Assessment,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 38:305 (1992)

Gou, H., Irons, G. A., and Lu, W. K., “Mathematical Modeling of Postcombustion in a KOBM Converter,” Metallurgical Transactions B, 24B:179 (1993)

Three-Phase Fluidization Systems 669

Gou, H., Irons, G. A., and Lu, W. K., “A Mathematical Model for the Fluid Dynamics of Slag Foaming in Smelting-Reduction,” Turkdogan Symp. Proc., p. 83 (1994)

Green, M., Schnitzer, M., and Tarre, S., “Kinetics of a Fluidized-Bed Reactor for Ground-Water Denitrification,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 43:188 (1995)

Grishin, S. I., and Tuovinen, O. H., “Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on Different Support Matrix Materials in Packed Bed and Fluidized Bed Bioreactors,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 31:505 (1989)

Gudenau, H. W., Wu, K., Nys, S., and Rosenbaum, H., “Formation and Effects of Slag Foaming in Smelting Reduction,” Steel Res., 63:521 (1992)

Gudenau, H. W., Yang, T., Germershausen, T., Rosenbaum, H., and Wu, K., “Heat Transfer in an Iron Bath of a Two-Stage Smelting Reduction Process,” Steel Res., 64:372 (1993)

Halfmeier, H., Schäfer-Treffenfeldt, W., and Reuss, M., “Potential of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for Waste Gas Purification. Part 2. Increase in Continuous Ferrous Iron Oxidation Kinetics Using Immobilized Cells,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 40:582 (1993)

Hano, T., Matsumoto, M., Kuribayashi, K., and Hatate, Y., “Biological Nitrogen Removal in a Bubble Column with a Draught Tube,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 47:3737 (1992)

Hara, S., and Ogino, K., “Slag-Foaming Phenomena in Pyrometallurgical Processes,” ISIJ Int., 32:81 (1992)

Hardie, G. J., Cross, M., Batterham, R. J., Davis, M. P., and Schwarz, M. P., “The Role of Mathematical Modelling in the Development of the HIsmelt Process,” 10th Process Technol. Conf. Proc., p. 102, Toronto, (1992)

Hardie, G. J., Wright, J. K., and Batterham, R. J., “Pulverised Coal Based Direct Smelting: The HIsmelt Process,” VDEh Blast Furnace Committee Meeting, “Use of Coal for Hot Metal Production,” Duesseldorf, March (1993)

Harshbarger, D., Bautz, M., Davison, B. H., Scott, T. C., and Scott, C. D., “Economic Assessment of Ethanol Production Comparing Traditional and Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 51/52:593 (1995)

Heijnen, J. J., Mulder, A., Enger, W., and Hoeks, F., “Review on the Application of Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactors in Waste-Water Treatment,” Chem. Eng. J., 41:B37 (1989)

Heppner, B., Zellner, G., and Diekmann, H., “Start-Up and Operation of a Propionate-Degrading Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 36:810 (1992)

Hirai, M., Tsujino, R., Mukai, T., Harada, T., and Omori, M., “Mechanism of Post Combustion in the Converter,” Trans. ISIJ, 27:805 (1987)

670 Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Hirata, T., Ishikawa, M., Mori, T., and Anezaki, S., “Improvement of In-Bath Smelting Reduction Process Through Side and Bottom Blowing,” AIME Ironmaking Conf. Proc., p. 761 (1991)

Hirata, T., Ishikawa, M., and Anezaki, S., “Stirring Effect in Bath-Smelting Furnace with Combined Blowing of Top and Side Blown Oxygen and Bottom Blown Nitrogen,” ISIJ Int., 32:182 (1992)

Hoffman, J. P., “A Look at the Problems Facing the Developer of Smelting Reduction using the Liquid Bath Approach,” Steel Res., 62:331 (1991)

Howard, R. C., “The Effects of Recycling on Pulp Quality,” Technol. of Paper Recycling (R. W. J. McKinney, ed.), p. 180, Blackie Academic & Professional, London (1995)

Hsu, Y., and Shieh, W. K., “Startup of Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactors with Acetic Acid as the Substrate,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 41:347 (1993)

Hu, T. T., and Wu, J. Y., “Study on the Characteristics of a Biological Fluidized Bed in a Magnetic Field,” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 65:238 (1987)

Hurst, M. M., “Effects of Pulp Consistency and Mixing Intensity on Ozone Bleaching,” Tappi J., 76(4):156 (1993)

Hvala, N., Strm…nik, S., and„erneti…, J., “Scheduling of Batch Digesters According to Different Control Targets and Servicing Limitations,” Computers Chem. Eng., 17:739 (1993)

Ibaraki, T., Kanemoto, M., Ogata, S., Katayama, H., and Ishikawa, H., “Development of Smelting Reduction of Iron Ore - An Approach to Commercial Ironmaking,” Iron & Steelmaker, 17(12):30 (1990)

Ibaraki, T., “Fundamentals of the Bath Smelting Reduction and Functions of the Slag on the Iron Bath,” in Turkdogan Symp. Proc., p. 73 (1994)

Ibaraki, T., Yamauchi, M., Sakamoto, Y., Hirata, H., and Kanemoto, M., “Experimental Operation of Smelting Reduction With a 100 mt Smelter - I. Operation and the Slag in the Smelter,” Iron & Steelmaker, 22(3):83 (1995a)

Ibaraki, T., Yamauchi, M., Matsuo, M., and Katayama, H., “Experimental Operation of Smelting Reduction With a 100 mt Smelter - II. PostCombustion and Dust,” Iron & Steelmaker, 22(3):91 (1995b)

Inatani, T., “The Current Status of JISF Research on the Direct Iron Ore Smelting Reduction Process (DIOS Project),” in AIME Ironmaking Conf. Proc., p. 651 (1991)

Japan Metal Bull., (as quoted by Steffen, 1989) p. 31 (1988)

Järvinen, K. T., Melin, E. S., and Puhakka, J. A., “High-Rate Bioremediation of Chlorophenol-Contaminated Groundwater at Low Temperatures,” Environ. Sci. Technol., 28:2387 (1994)

Johanson, E. S., “Gas-Liquid Contacting Process,” U. S. Patent 2,987,465 (1961)

Three-Phase Fluidization Systems 671

Johns, W. F., Clausen, G., Nongbri, G., and Kaufman, H., “Texaco T-STAR Process for Ebullated Bed Hydrotreating/Hydrocracking,” paper presented at the 1993 National Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX (1993)

Kalogerakis, N., and Behie, L. A., “Oxygenation Capabilities of New Generation Three Phase - Two Region Bioreactors for Microcarrier Cultures of Animal Cells,” Fluidization VIII, (C. Laguerie, and J. F. Large, eds.), p. 441, Engineering Foundation, Tours, France (1995)

Kang, Y., Fan, L. T., Min, B. T., and Kim, S. D., “Promotion of Oxygen Transfer in Three-Phase Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors by Floating Bubble Breakers,”

Biotechnol. Bioeng., 37:580 (1991)

Kappel, J., Bräuer, P., and Kittel, F. P., “High-Consistency Ozone Bleaching Technology,” Tappi J., 77(6):109 (1994)

Karamanev, D. G., Nagamune, T., and Endo, I., “Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer Study of a Gas-Liquid-Solid Draft Tube Spouted Bed Bioreactor,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 47:3581 (1992)

Kargi, F., and Toprak, H., “Rational Design of Metal Mesh Particles for Biological Fluidized Bed Reactors,” J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 59:201 (1994)

Katayama, H., Ohno, T., Yamauchi, M., Matsuo, M., Kawamura, T., and Ibaraki, T., “Mechanism of Iron Oxide Reduction and Heat Transfer in the Smelting Reduction Process with a Thick Layer of Slag,” ISIJ Int., 32:95 (1992)

Katayama, H., Ibaraki, T., Ohno, T., Yamauchi, M., Hirata, H., and Inomoto, T., “The Characteristics and the Function of a Thick Slag Layer in the Smelting Reduction Process,” ISIJ Int., 33:124 (1993a)

Katayama, H., Ohno, T., Yamauchi, M., Kawamura, T., Hirata, H., and Matsuo, M., “Raw Material Feeding and Its Influence on Operation Performance of Smelting Reduction Process with a Large Amount of Slag,” ISIJ Int., 33:376 (1993b)

Kaufman, E. N., Cooper, S. P., Clement, S. L., and Little, M. H., “Use of a Biparticle Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor for the Continuous and Simultaneous Fermentation and Purification of Lactic Acid,” Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 51/52:605 (1995)

Keogh, J. V., Hardie, G. J., Philp, D. K., and Burke, P. D., “HIsmelt Process Advances to 100,000 t/y Plant,” AIME Ironmaking Conf. Proc., p. 635 (1991)

Kobayashi, T., Tachi, K., Nagamune, T., and Endo, I., “Production of Penicillin in a Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor Using Urethane Foams as Carriers,” J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 23:408 (1990)

Kobayashi, T., Suda, T., Nagamune, T., and Endo, I., “Continuous Production of Penicillin in a Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor,” J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 23:505 (1990)

672 Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Kolbel, H., and Ralek, M., “The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in the Liquid Phase,”

Catal. Rev. - Sci. Eng., 21(2):225 (1980)

Kottke, V., Hartmeier, W., and Blenke, H., “The Blenke-Cascade: A New Type of Apparatus for Fluid Systems,” Universität Hohenheim Report for Biotechnica ’91, International Trade Fair for Biotechnology, Hannover (1991)

Kratje, R. B., and Wagner, R., “Evaluation of Production of Recombinant Human Interleukin-2 in Fluidized Bed Bioreactor,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 39:233 (1992)

Kratje, R. B., Reimann, A., Hammer, J., and Wagner, R., “Cultivation of Recombinant Baby Hamster Kidney Cells in a Fluidized Bed Bioreactor System with Porous Borosilicate Glass,” Biotechnol. Prog., 10:410 (1994)

Kunii, D., and Levenspiel, O., Fluidization Eng., Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA, (1991)

Kwok, K. H., and Doran, P. M., “Kinetic and Stoichiometric Analysis of Hairy Roots in a Segmented Bubble Column Reactor,” Biotechnol. Prog., 11:429 (1995)

Lauwers, A. M., Heinen, W., Gorris, L. G. M., and van der Drift, C., “Early Stages in Biofilm Development in Methanogenic Fluidized-Bed Reactors,” App. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 33:352 (1990)

Lazarova, V., Capdeville, B., and Nikolov, L., “Influence of Seeding Conditions on Nitrite Accumulation in a Denitrifying Fluidized Bed Reactor,” Wat. Res., 28:1189 (1994)

Lee, J. H., and Datta, A. K., “Nonlinear Inferential Control of Pulp Digesters,” AIChE J., 40:50 (1994)

Lele, S. S., and Joshi, J. B., “Modelling of Air-Lift Fluidized Bed: Optimization of Mass Transfer with Respect to Design and Operational Parameters,” Chem Eng. J., 49:89 (1992)

Liang, W., Yu, Z., Jin, Y., Wang, Z., and Wu, Q., “The Phase Holdups in a Gas- Liquid-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed,” Chem. Eng. J., 58:259 (1995)

Lindsay, J. D., Ghiaasiaan, S. M., and Abdel-Khalik, S. I., “Macroscopic Flow Structures in a Bubbling Paper Pulp-Water Slurry,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 34:3342 (1995)

Livingston, A. G., and Chase, H. A., “Modeling Phenol Degradation in a FluidizedBed Bioreactor,” AIChE J., 35:1980 (1989)

Livingston, A. G., “Biodegradation of 3,4-Dichloroaniline in a Fluidized Bed Bioreactor and a Steady-State Biofilm Kinetic Model,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 38:260 (1991)

Livingston, A. G., and Chase, H. A., “Development of a Phenol Degrading Fluidized Bed Bioreactor for Constant Biomass Holdup,” Chem. Eng. J., 45:B35 (1991)

Three-Phase Fluidization Systems 673

Macy, J. M., Lawson, S., and DeMoll-Decker, H., “Bioremediation of Selenium Oxyanions in San Joaquin Drainage Water Using Thauera selenatis in a Biological Reactor System,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 40:588 (1993)

Mäkinen, P. M., Theno, T. J., Ferguson, J. F., Ongerth, J. E., and Puhakka, J. A., “Chlorophenol Toxicity Removal and Monitoring in Aerobic Treatment: Recovery from Process Upsets,” Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:1434 (1993)

Matsui, S., Yamamoto, R. I., Tsuchiya, Y., and Inanc, B., “The Kinetics of Glucose Decomposition with Sulfate Reduction in the Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor,” Wat. Sci. Tech., 28(2):135 (1993)

McDonough, T. J., “Recent Advances in Bleached Chemical Pulp Manufacturing Technology, Part 1: Extended Delignification, Oxygen Delignification, Enzyme Applications, and ECF and TCF Bleaching,” Tappi J., 78(3):55 (1995)

McKinney, R. W. J., “Wastepaper Preparation and Contamination Removal,” Technol. of Paper Recycling, (R. W. J. McKinney, ed.), p. 48, Blackie Academic & Professional, London (1995)

Meadows, D. G., “The Pulp Mill of the Future: 2005 and Beyond,” Tappi J., 78(10):55 (1995)

Merchuk, J. C., Ladwa, N., and Bulmer, M., “Improving the Airlift Reactor: The Helical Flow Promoter,” 3rd Int. Conf. on Bioreactor and Bioprocess Fluid Dynamics, (A. W. Nienow, ed.), p. 61, Information Press, Ltd., Oxford (1993)

Merchuk, J. C., Ben-Zvi (Yona), S., and Niranjan, K., “Why Use Bubble-Column Bioreactors?,” Trends Biotechnol., 12:501 (1994)

Mol, N., Kut, O. M., and Dunn, I. J., “Adsorption of Toxic Shocks on Carriers in Anaerobic Biofilm Fluidized Bed Reactors,” Wat. Sci. Tech., 28(2):55 (1993)

Mollah, A. H., and Stuckey, D. C., “Maximizing the Production of AcetoneButanol in an Alginate Bead Fluidized Bed Reactor Using Clostridium acetobutylicum,” J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 56:83 (1993)

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Myška, J., and Švec, J., “The Distributive Properties of a Fluidized Bed with Biomass,” Wat. Res., 28:1653 (1994)

Nagamune, T., Endo, I., Kato, N., Nishimura, M., and Kobayashi, T., “The Effect of Cultivation Conditions on the Penicillin Production Using a Urethane Foam-Supported Penicillium chrysogenum,” Bioproc. Eng., 3:173 (1988)

Naouri, P., Bernet, N., Chagnaud, P., Arnaud, A., and Galzy, P., “Bioconversion of L-Malic Acid into L-Lactic Acid Using a High Compacting Multiphasic Reactor (HCMR),” J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 51:81 (1991)

674 Fluidization, Solids Handling, and Processing

Nelson, T. B., and Skaates, J. M., “Attrition in a Liquid Fluidized Bed Bioreactor,”

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Nguyen, V. T., and Shieh, W. K., “Continuous Ethanol Fermentation Using Immobilized Yeast in a Fluidized Bed Reactor,” J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 55:339 (1992)

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Nore, O., Briens, C., Margaritis, A., and Wild, G., “Hydrodynamics, Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer and Particle-Liquid Heat and Mass Transfer in a ThreePhase Fluidized Bed for Biochemical Process Applications,” Chem. Eng. Sci., 47:3573 (1992)

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