II Give the Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

certified public accountant, disbursement, trial balance, expenditure, advertising campaign, sophisticated, executive, cash flow, chartered accountant, earnings of the company, on the basis of, the accountant`s responsibility, to analyse the data, the chief accounting officer, top executives, to interpret the results, to be responsible for, transaction of the company

III Give the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

бухгалтер, дипломированный бухгалтер (аудитор), проводка, бухгалтерская запись, главная книга, пробный баланс, рекламная компания, должностное лицо, руководящий работник, переносить в главную книгу (бухгалтерскую), выплата денег, денежные поступления, наличные деньги, ревизор отчётности – бухгалтер.

IV Read and translate the following words and phrases:

cash flow, expenditures and earnings, cash disbursement, trial balance, are drawn up, on the basis of, every quarter, accountant`s responsibility, to analyse and interpret the data, to determine the ways, without the help, advertising campaign, rather sophisticated, special certificates, certified accountants, junior employees, the chief accounting officer, top executives

V Bookkeepers, Accountants and Controllers

Read and translate the text

Find the answers in the text:

1. What do bookkeepers deal with?

2. What does a ledger show?

3. Who usually prepares a trial balance?

4. How are certified accountants in England called?

5. Whose work in this sphere do you think is the most important in a company?

6. Whose position (of a bookkeeper, of an accountant, of a controller) do you like more ?

7. What would you prefer to be?

Bookkeepers deal with taxes, cash flow, which include cash receipts and cash disbursements, sales, purchases and different business transactions of the company.

Bookkeepers first record all the appropriate figures – in the books of original entry, or Journals.

At the end of a period usually a month – the totals of each book of original entry are posted into the proper page of the Ledger.

The Ledger shows all the expenditures and all the earnings of the company. On the basis of all the totals of each account in the Ledger, the bookkeeper prepares a Trial Balance. Trial Balances are usually drawn up every quarter.

The accountant`s responsibility is to analyse and interpret the data in the Ledger and the Trial Balance.

The accountant is to determine the ways in which the business may grow in the future. No expansion or reorganization is planned without the help of the accountant. New products and advertising campaigns are also prepared with the help of the accountant. The work of accountants is rather sophisticated.

Many accountants have special certificates after they pass examinations in Institute of Accountants. Certified accountants in England are called chartered accountants. In the U.S.A. the certified accountants are called certified public accountants. But it is not necessary to have a certificate to practice accounting. Junior employees in large companies, for example, often practice accounting and then take the examination.

The chief accounting officer of a large company is the Controller, or Comptroller. Controllers are responsible for measuring the company`s performance. They interpret the results of the operations, plan and recommend future action. This position is very close to the top executives of the company.