- •1. The comparative-historical method in linguistics.
- •3. Semantic change and analogy in historical linguistics.
- •4. Indo-European family of the languages.
- •5. Ancient Germanic tribes and their classification. The Great Migration of Germanic tribes.
- •6. Linguistic characteristics of Germanic languages
- •7. Grimm’s law. Verner’s law. Vowel changes.
- •8. Germanic alphabet. The earliest writings. Grammatical peculiarities of Germanic languages.
- •9. Chronological division of the history of English.
- •10. Pre-Germanic Britain. The Roman conquest.
- •11. The Anglo-Saxon invasion. Old English kingdoms and dialects.
- •12. Old English word stress. Old English phonetics.
- •13. Old English grammar. Nomina.
- •The Noun Grammatical categories. The use of cases
- •The Pronoun
- •Personal pronouns
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Other classes of pronouns
- •The Adjective
- •14. Old English grammar. Verb.
- •Strong Verbs
- •Weak Verbs
- •Minor groups of Verbs
- •15 The Scandinavian invasion. Its influence on English.
- •16 The Norman conquest. Its influence on English.
- •17 Struggle between English and French. Middle English dialects.Hyperlink "http://www.Ranez.Ru/article/id/684/" The London dialect
- •18 Me Word Stress. Vowels in Middle English
- •19. Middle English consonants. Middle English syntax.
- •20. Middle English grammar
- •21. The development of Middle English noun and adjective.
- •22. The development of Middle English verb.
- •23????????????????
- •24. The system of Middle English spelling.
- •25. Spread of the London dialect in the 15th century. Formation of the literary language.
- •26. The Great Vowel Shift.
- •27. Sound changes in early modern English.
- •28. The expansion of English.
- •29. The characteristic features and historical reasons of the American vowels. The American dialects.
- •30. Modern Germanic languages.
30. Modern Germanic languages.
Genetically, English belongs to the Germanic or Teutonic group of languages, which is one of the twelve groups of the I-E linguistic family. The Germanic languages in the modern world are as follows:
English – in Great Britain, Ireland, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the South African Republic, and many other former British colonies;
German – in the Germany, Austria, Luxemburg, part of Switzerland;
Netherlandish – in the Netherlands and Belgium (known also as Dutch and Flemish respectively);
Afrikaans – in the South African Republic;
Danish – in Denmark;
Swedish – in Sweden and Finland;
Norwegian – in Norway;
Icelandic – in Iceland;
Frisian – in some regions of the Netherlands and Germany;
Faroese – in the Faroe Islands;
Yiddish – in different countries.
Lists of Germanic languages given in books differ in some points, for the distinction between separate languages and also between languages and dialects varies. Until recently Dutch and Flemish were named as separate languages; Frisian and Faroese are often referred to as dialects, since they are spoken over small, politically dependent areas; the linguistic independence of Norwegian is questioned, for it has intermixed with Danish; Br E and Am E are sometimes regarded as two independent languages. All the Germanic languages are related through their common origin and joint development at the early stages of history.