Daniel Oran - Oran's Dictionary of the Law

308 Mechanical equivalents

Mechanical equivalents Two things that do the same work in the same basic way and produce the same result.

Mechanic’s lien A worker’s legal claim to hold property (such as a car) until repair charges are paid or to file formal papers securing a right to property (such as a car or a house) until charges for work done are paid.

Med-Arb Arbitration that follows unsuccessful mediation.

Mediate 1. “In between”; secondary; incidental. 2. See mediation. 3. Indirect or deduced.

Mediation Outside help in settling a dispute. The person who does this is called a mediator. This is different from arbitration (see that word) in that a mediator can only persuade, not force, people into a settlement. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (F.M.C.S.) helps to settle labor disputes.

Medicaid A government program of medical payments for low-income persons who meet federal and state requirements.

Medical directive See advance directive.

Medical examiner A public official who investigates violent or unexplained deaths, performs autopsies, and helps prosecute homicide cases. Compare with coroner.

Medical jurisprudence See forensic medicine.

Medicare A federal government program of medical payments for elderly persons.

Meeting of creditors In bankruptcy law, a hearing involving the bankrupt person (the debtor), the bankruptcy trustee, and the bankrupt person’s creditors. In this meeting, the debtor is questioned by the trustee and creditors. Only the first meeting is held in simple cases, but interim and final meetings may be needed in complex cases. Contested matters may be heard by a judge in an adversary proceeding.

Meeting of minds Agreement among all persons entering into a deal on the basic meaning and legal effect of the contract. Compare mutual assent.

Megan’s law A law requiring registration of convicted sex offenders and permitting law enforcement officials to notify the communities where they live.

Melioration Improvement to, rather than repair of, property.

Member 1. One of the persons in a family, corporation, legislature, union, etc. 2. A bank that is affiliated with one of the federal reserve banks, or a brokerage firm that is affiliated with a stock or other se-

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curities exchange. 3. Short for member of a house of representatives. 4. An “external” part of a body, such as an arm.

Membership corporation A nonprofit, nonstock corporation created for social, charitable, political, etc., purposes.

Memorandum 1. An informal note; a written summary of a meeting or contract. 2. A note from one member of an organization to another. 3. A written document that proves a contract exists. See statute of frauds. 4. A brief (see that word) of law. It is often submitted to a judge in a case.

Memorandum decision A court’s decision that gives the ruling (what it decides and orders done), but no opinion (reasons for the decision).

A memorandum opinion, however, is a per curiam (see that word) opinion.

Memorial 1. A petition or written statement presented to a legislature or to the head of a country or state. 2. A rough draft, abstract, or memorandum of a court’s order, setting it down in writing until it can be put into the public records in final form. 3. See memorandum no. 3.

Men of straw See straw man.

Mens rea (Latin) Guilty mind; wrongful purpose; criminal intent. Mens rea is a state of mind which (when combined with an actus reus, or “criminal act”) produces a crime. This state of mind is usually to intentionally or knowingly do something prohibited, but is occasionally to recklessly or grossly negligently do it. See also strict liability for crimes that do not require mens rea.

Mensa et thoro (Latin) “Bed and board.” Describes a type of limited divorce (see that word) or legal separation.

Mental anguish (or mental suffering or distress) Nonphysical harm that may be compensated for by damages in some types of lawsuits. Mental anguish may be as limited as the immediate mental feelings during an injury or as broad as prolonged grief, shame, humiliation, despair, etc.

Mental cruelty See cruelty.

Mental disease (or disability, illness, (in)capacity, or (in)competent) See insanity and competency.

Mental element Mens rea.

Mercantile Commercial; having to do with buying and selling, etc. Merchant banker A broad term for an institution that may perform

some of the functions of commercial banks (that make loans), some of investment bankers (that underwrite securities), and other functions such as putting their own money directly into business deals.

310 Merchantable

Merchantable 1. Fit to be sold; of the general type and quality described and fit for the general purpose for which it was bought. 2. Marketable, as in marketable title acts.

Mercy killing Causing the death of a person who is near death from a terminal disease and who is thought to desire death. It may be active

(such as by lethal injection, and often subject to prosecution) or passive (such as by withdrawing a feeding tube). Also called euthanasia.

See also death, brain death rule, and natural death acts.

Merger 1. The union of two or more things, usually with the smaller or less important thing “ceasing to exist” once it is a part of the other. Companies, rights, contracts, etc., can merge. The following definitions divide these mergers by type: 2. When corporations merge, it is a horizontal merger if business competitors selling the same product in the same area join, a vertical merger if a company joins with its customers or suppliers, and a conglomerate merger if unrelated companies join. Conglomerate mergers are of three types: it is a pure merger when two totally unrelated companies join; a geographical extension merger when companies selling similar products in different markets join; and a product extension merger when two companies selling related, but different products join. Finally, many states allow a quick, cheap short-form merger when a subsidiary merges with its parent company. 3. In contract law, if the persons who make a contract intend it, one contract may end and become a part of another through merger. Also, all prior oral agreements may be ended by establishing a written contract as the entire agreement by including a merger clause. See integration. 4. Two rights, or estates can merge. For example, if a tenant buys the house, the right of tenancy merges and is ended with the start of the right of ownership. Merging of rights occurs in many other areas of the law, such as divorce law, judgment law, etc. 5. Merger also occurs in criminal law when a person is charged with two crimes (based on the exact same acts), one of which is a lesser included offense of the other. The lesser crime merges because, under the prohibition against double jeopardy, the person may be tried for only one of them.

Merit system A method of hiring, firing, and promoting used by governments and based on specific rules. It is meant to ensure competence in the civil service and to limit patronage.

Merits 1. The central part of a case; the “meat” of one side’s legal position. 2. The substance or real issues of a lawsuit, as opposed to the form or the legal technicalities it involves. Judgment on the merits is a final resolution of a lawsuit after full discussion of the evidence (in a summary judgment) or after presentation of the evidence in a trial.

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Mesne Middle; intermediate. For example, “mesne process” includes the legal papers and court orders in between the start and finish of a lawsuit. [pronounce: men]

Messuage A home plus its surrounding land and outbuildings. See also curtilage.

Metes and bounds Boundary lines and fixed points and angles used to describe and measure the perimeter of land.

Metropolitan district An area that includes more than one city, such as a city and its suburbs, that is set up by state law to handle regional problems such as public transportation, water supply, and sewage disposal. It may be a general district, headed by a metropolitan council, or a specific district such as a “transportation district” run by a board.

Mexican divorce See mail order divorce.

Middleman (or intermediary) 1. A person who brings others together and helps them make deals. 2. A person who buys from one person and sells to another. 3. An agent or broker.

Migratory divorce A divorce gained by a person who has moved (often temporarily) to another place in order to get the divorce.

Military government Government by the military, under the direction of the civilian head of state, of either territory outside the country or within the country during an insurrection or civil war. Compare martial law and military law.

Military jurisdiction Martial law, military government, and military law.

Military law The law that regulates the armed forces and its members. U.S. military law is contained in a comprehensive Code of Military Justice, administered by military officers under the supervision of the judge advocate general of each service and decided by a system of military courts (courts martial for trials, courts of military review for major cases on appeal, and the U.S. Court of Military Appeals for civilian review of the most major cases). There are also military boards, which act as fact-finders, advisory boards, and courts in cases involving personnel matters such as promotion and in matters such as property damage, loss of funds, etc. Typical military offenses (in addition to those which would also be civilian crimes) include desertion, insubordination, or sleeping while on guard.

Military will A will made by a member of the armed forces while on active duty. Many of the usual requirements for a will to be valid (such as those involving writing, witnesses, and age) are eliminated or reduced.

312 Militia

Militia A part-time military force, called to active duty during a crisis. This job is now primarily performed by state National Guard units and various armed forces reserve units. [pronounce: mil-ish-a]

Mill One-tenth of a cent. Some property taxes are expressed in mills. A mill rate of “one” indicates that one dollar is to be paid for each thousand dollars of assessed valuation.

Miller v. California See obscene.

Mind and memory A phrase describing adequate mental capacity to make a will (know what you’re doing, know what you’re giving away, and to whom).

Mineral As defined in land laws, any nonanimal, nonvegetable substance found on or in the ground; any commercially valuable, naturally occurring chemical substance.

Mineral lease An agreement giving a right to explore for minerals and then to take out those found (upon payment of rent for use of the land or royalties based on what is taken).

Mineral right A right to either take minerals out of the ground or to receive payment for minerals taken out.

Minimal diversity See diversity of citizenship.

Minimum contacts doctrine The principle that a person must carry on a certain minimum amount of activity within a state, or have formal ties to the state, before that person can be sued in the state.

Minimum fee schedules The lowest fee for a particular service that a bar association will permit a lawyer to charge. Minimum fees have been abolished because they violate antitrust acts.

Minimum wage The lowest wage that may be paid to certain employees as set by federal law.

Mining lease A type of mineral lease (see that word).

Mining location See location.

Minister 1. A person acting for another person or carrying out that person’s orders. 2. A diplomatic representative such as ambassador or envoy. 3. The head of a cabinet department or government organization in many countries. The job is similar to that of a secretary (of defense, of labor, etc.) in the United States.

Ministerial 1. Done by carrying out orders, rather than by personally deciding how to act. In this use of the word, a police chief’s actions would be discretionary and a police officer’s actions ministerial. But see no. 2. 2. Done by carrying out a general policy (whether or not there is much choice of action) rather than by setting or making pol-

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icy. In this sense of the word, a police chief’s actions would be ministerial and the police board’s would be discretionary.

Minitrial Alternative dispute resolution by a panel of executives from two companies engaged in a complex dispute. A neutral moderator helps the two sides sort out factual and legal issues to reach a voluntary settlement. Compare summary jury trial.

Minor 1. A person who is under the age of full legal rights and duties. 2. Less or lower. 3. Legally insignificant.

Minor dispute See major dispute.

Minority 1. Being a minor (see that word). 2. Less than half. 3. Describes groups with only a small percentage of the total population.

4. For minority view, contrast majority view.

Minority opinion A dissenting opinion. See opinion (or dissent).

Minority stockholder A person who holds too few shares of stock to control the way the corporation is managed (or to elect any directors).

Minor’s estate Property that must be looked after by a trustee because its owner is not yet of legal age to manage it.

Minute book The record book kept by the clerk of some courts that lists a summary of all orders by case and case number.

Minutes Written notes of a meeting.

Miranda warning The warning that must be given to a person arrested or taken into custody by a police officer or other official. The warning includes the fact that what you say may be held against you and that you have the rights to remain silent, to contact a lawyer, and to have a free lawyer if you are poor. If this warning is not given properly, no statements made by the defendant during custody may be used by the police or by the prosecutor in court. The warning is required by the 1966 case Miranda v. Arizona (384 U.S. 436).

Mirandize Slang for giving a Miranda warning.

Mirror image rule The common law rule that an offer and acceptance must state identical terms to make a valid contract. The Uniform Commercial Code, however, upholds the validity of commercial contracts that have minor differences in the “fine print” of the offer and acceptance.

Misadventure An accident; an unintentional injury, often with no one legally at fault.

Misapplication Improper spending or use of another’s funds by a person having rightful possession or control over the funds.

Misappropriation Taking something wrongfully, but not necessarily illegally.

314 Misbranding

Misbranding Any intentionally false information on a product label.

Miscarriage of justice Unfair harm to a person; unfair legal proceeding or other official action.

Mischief 1. Intentionally or recklessly done harm. 2. The problem or danger that a legislative act is designed to correct.

Misconduct 1. Doing a forbidden act intentionally or willfully. 2. Official misconduct includes malfeasance, misfeasance, and nonfeasance.

3. The act done in no. 1.

Misdemeanant A person who commits a misdemeanor (see that word).

Misdemeanor A criminal offense less than a felony that is usually punishable by a fine or less than a year in jail. For misdemeanormanslaughter rule, see felony-murder rule.

Misfeasance The improper doing of an otherwise proper or lawful act. Compare with malfeasance and nonfeasance.

Misfortune An accident that could not have been guarded against.

Misjoinder See joinder.

Mislaid Put somewhere by someone who then forgets where. Mislaid property may not be technically “lost” so different legal rules may apply to the finders of mislaid and lost property.

Misprision 1. The failure to carry out a public duty, such as the duty to properly carry out a high public office. 2. The failure to prevent or report a crime. 3. The crime of concealing another’s crime, including misprision of felony and misprision of treason. 4. An old meaning of misprision included contempt of court, sedition, and other open rejections of proper authority.

Misrepresentation 1. Innocent misrepresentation is a false statement that is not known to be false. 2. Negligent misrepresentation is a false statement made when you should have known better. 3. Fraudulent misrepresentation is a false statement known to be false and meant to be misleading.

Mistake An unintentional error or act. A mistake of fact is a mistake about facts that is not caused by a negligent failure to find out the truth. A mistake of law is knowledge of the true facts combined with a wrong conclusion about the legal effect of the facts.

Mistrial A trial that the judge ends and declares will have no legal effect because of a major defect in procedure or because of the death of a juror, a deadlocked jury, or other major problem. Compare with retrial.

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Mitigating circumstances Facts that provide no justification or excuse for an action, but that can lower the amount of moral blame, and thus lower the criminal penalty or civil damages for the action.

Mitigation of damages 1. Facts showing that the size of a claim for damages is unjustified. 2. The doctrine of mitigation of damages is the principle that a person suing for damages must have taken reasonable steps to minimize the harm done, or the amount of money awarded will be lowered.

Mittimus The name for a court order sending a convicted person to prison, or transferring records from one court to another.

Mixed action A legal proceeding that is both in personam and in rem (see those words). This is not the same as quasi in rem.

Mixed nuisance A nuisance (see that word) that is both public and private. Mixed property 1. Property (see that word), such as fixtures, that is

both real and personal. 2. See hotchpot.

Mixed questions Legal questions involving both fact and law or involving both local and foreign law.

Mixed trust A trust set up for both charities and private persons. M’Naghten’s rule One of many different definitions of insanity, pro-

posed over the years in different cases, to determine whether a person will be held criminally responsible for an act. According to the “Rule in M’Naghten’s Case,” a person is “not guilty because of insanity” if, at the time of the offense, “a defect of reason produced by a disease of the mind” caused the person to “not know the nature of the act” or to “not know right from wrong.” Some parts of this rule are included in the Model Penal Code.

Model Acts Proposed laws put out by the Commission on Uniform State Laws and the American Law Institute (but not those proposed as uniform acts); for example, the Model Penal Code.

Model Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility Ethical guidelines of the National Federation of Paralegal Associations.

Model Penal Code test Substantial capacity test. See insanity no. 2.

Model Rules of Professional Conduct See Rules of Professional

Conduct.

Modification A change or alteration. “Modification” is often used for a minor change, but a modification of judgment under most court rules includes a judgment changed in major ways and for major reasons such as fraud.

316 Modified accelerated cost recovery system

Modified accelerated cost recovery system A tax accounting method that uses a range of time, usually shorter than an asset’s useful life, during which a business may take fixed yearly depreciation deductions on the asset.

Modus (Latin) Method, means, manner, or way. For example, “modus operandi” is a method of operation (that usually refers to a distinct pattern of criminal behavior).

Moiety 1. Half. Moiety acts are criminal laws that allow up to half of the fine paid by a convicted person to be paid to the informant whose information helped trigger the prosecution. 2. A part; a fractional part. [pronounce: moy-ity]

Monarchy A government by a king, queen, or other royal head. Monarchies may be absolute or constitutional.

Monetary aggregates Subcategories of the money supply (see that word).

Money market The institutions that deal with short-term loans and near-term transfers of funds. Also short for money market fund or money market certificate.

Money market certificate A type of savings certificate, sold by banks and other savings institutions, that is usually held for a short, definite time period such as six months. It pays the buyer interest at a rate based on the rate paid by U.S. treasury bills.

Money market fund A mutual fund that invests in safe short-term securities such as treasury bills.

Money order A type of draft (like a check) sold by banks, post offices, and others, to persons who use it to make payments.

Money supply The amount of money, or the amount of certain “types” of money, in circulation within a country. In the U.S., the Federal Reserve Board has defined several categories (M-1A, M-1B, M-2, M-3) to help measure the money supply. M-1A, for example, includes all paper money and coins plus all demand deposits held in banks.

Money-purchase plan A pension plan in which an employer contributes a fixed amount each year. The ultimate value of the benefits paid will vary, depending on how much the invested sums earn.

Monition A judge’s order or warning.

Monopoly Control by one or a few companies of the manufacture, sale, distribution, or price of something. A monopoly may be prohibited if, for example, a company deliberately drives out competition.

Monopsony A situation in which there is only one buyer in a product market. Monopsony power is the ability of some buyers who buy a

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large percentage of a producer’s output to control the price they will pay.

Monroe doctrine The assertion (first made in 1823 by U.S. President James Monroe) that the U.S. will oppose any European interference in the affairs of any Western Hemisphere country.

Monument A post, pile of stones, natural boundary, marked tree, etc., used to mark the boundaries of land.

Moot Moot has several conflicting and overlapping definitions, including: 1. No longer important or no longer needing a decision because already decided. For example, a federal court will not take a case if it is moot in this sense. 2. For the sake of argument or practice. For example, moot court is a mock court in which law students practice by arguing appellate cases. 3. Abstract. Not a real case involving a real dispute. 4. A subject for argument; undecided; unsettled. In this sense, moot means roughly the opposite of the first definition.

Moral 1. Having to do with the conscience and with principles of good conduct. 2. Having to do with only the conscience and not enforceable by law, as in “only a moral obligation.” 3. Depending upon a belief, rather than being complete proof. In this sense, testimony is moral evidence, and moral certainty is a very strong belief that something is correct. 4. For moral hazard, see hazard.

Moral rights In copyright law, the rights that protect an artist’s professional reputation, such as the right, under some circumstances, to prevent a work’s modification or to disclaim its authorship if modified.

Moral turpitude Describes any crime, such as larceny, that involves immorality or dishonesty.

Moratorium 1. An enforced delay. For example, a city may impose a moratorium (a suspension or temporary delay) in giving out building permits in order to protect the environment. 2. Any deliberate delay, whether or not enforced, required, or agreed to.

More definite statement See motion. Also see bill of particulars.

More favorable terms clause A labor contract provision in which a union promises a company that it will not give more favorable terms (as to wages, benefits, hours, working conditions, etc.) to competitors of the company. Compare with most favored nation clause.

More or less A contract term meant to keep the delivery of small variations in quantity from being a breach. What is “more or less” the right amount varies with what is customary in the trade and between the persons.

Morgue The place where unidentified or as yet unclaimed dead bodies are taken for identification. [pronounce: morg]