Пояснения к тексту:

system approach – системный подход

feedback – обратная связь

successive stages – последовательные стадии

to count – полагать, считать

to clamp – закреплять

routine – режим работы

to detect – обнаруживать

to turn out – точить, обтачивать

II Прочтите 6-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What is the shortage of automation?

Контрольная работа № 5

(для специальностей ЭТФ)

Вариант 1

I Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 6-ой абзацы текста.

Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 6 абзацы текста.

WASTEWATER BECOMES USEFUL

1. Despite the growing improvement in water treatment methods many regions of the world cannot cope with the rapid rate of water contamination. The highly industrializes countries naturally suffer more than others. The conditions which existed only a century ago cannot be restored in large cities. That is why we need to find new ways of using the water in industry and agriculture and improving the technology of drainage purification.

2. In the recent decades the problem of water supply to people and economics has become extremely urgent. The depletion of such water resources as surface water and ground water is inevitable. Water resources are continuously re­newed within the hydrological cycle. But with the abundance of water in the technological processes in major industries non-re­turnable losses of fresh water may increase its shortage.

3. Building dams, reservoirs and canals is the important fac­tor of the transformation of the hydrological regime. An essen­tial measure is the conservation of water by all possible means, so as to decrease its expenditure per unit of production until "dry" technologies are establi­shed.

4. It is very important to combat the pollution of rain and snow-melt water through the use of herbicides, pesticides and other toxic chemicals. Settling basins should be built to collect the most polluted run-off water especially at the beginning of snowstorms and during snow melt.

5. It is advisable to use industrial wastewater for field irriga­tion. This measure is of importance since soil is a very favou­rable medium for rendering waste water harmless especially if used with small irrigation norms. Thus, waste water which is harmful when discharged into rivers and reservoirs becomes use­ful. Irrigation can be applied to increase soil moisture, to protect plants from frosts and dry winds, to apply fertilizers.

6. Another measure is the conversion of industrial and heat power generation to closed-recirculating water-supply systems, which do not require water of high quality. This method of rendering waste waters harmless must form an integral part of production techno­logy.

II Прочтите 5-ый абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

Why is it advisable to use industrial wastewater for field irriga­tion?

Контрольная работа № 5

(для специальностей ЭТФ)

Вариант 2

I Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-ый абзацы текста.

Перепишите и письменно переведите 3, 4, 5 абзацы текста.

DEPLETION OF THE OZONE LAYER

1. Ozone, the triatomic form of oxygen (O₃), is primarily concentrated in a layer high above the earth within the stratosphere. While the actual amount of ozone in the atmosphere is small, its ability to absorb harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun makes it vital to humans.

2. In 1974 scientists first documented that man-made gases can interact with ozone and convert it to diatomic oxygen (O₂), which offers no protection from ultraviolet radiation. While several gases have been linked to this ozone depletion process, the primary culprit seems to be chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are gases involved in the green­house effect as well. CFCs are used in refrigeration, air conditioning, insulation, packing materials (fast food containers), and as propellant for aerosol cans.

3. These chemicals have already upset the state of equilibrium that has existed in the ozone concentration for millions of years. The hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica (which can be seen due to the unusual weather conditions of this region) has been growing larger each year. Scientists believe that variations in that region could serve as a gauge of depletion of the ozone layer in other regions of the world. This relationship appears to be true. A recent study (1991) found that the ozone layer over the midlatitudes has been depleted 2 to 3 percent since 1979.

4. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that every 1-percent decrease in stratospheric ozone could result in 24,000 to 57,000 more cases of cataracts and 43,000 new cases of skin cancer each year in the United States. Increased ultraviolet radiation would also increase the effects of many diseases that affect the skin or start on the skin. Excessive ultraviolet radiation causes cell and tissue damage in many plants. This could result in a significant reduction in crop yields throughout the world.

5. What can be done? In 1987, 38 countries met in Montreal to sign an agreement — the so-called Montreal Protocol — to cut CFCs use in half by the end of the century. This historic first effort towards international control of an air pollutant is hopefully only the beginning.