комплексная реабилитация

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ. ɍɥɢɬɤɚ ɫɥɟɩɨ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɡɚɜɢɬɤɟ. ɍɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ:

ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɭɸ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ.

ɋɪɟɞɢɧɧɚɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɚ (ɭɥɢɬɤɨɜɵɣ ɯɨɞ) ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ Ɋɟɣɫɫɧɟɪɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ, ɫɧɢɡɭ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ, ɢ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ – ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɨɣ. ɍɥɢɬɤɨɜɵɣ ɯɨɞ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɷɧɞɨɥɢɦɮɨɣ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɥɢɦɮɨɣ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɪɝɚɧ Ʉɨɪɬɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ. ȼɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜ (ɫɬɟɪɟɨɰɢɥɢɣ) ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ.

Ⱥɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɭɯɭ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɭɥɢɬɤɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɱɤɚ ɭ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɤ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ ɭɥɢɬɤɢ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦ ɛɚɡɢɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ, ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ.

ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɰɢɥɢɣ. ɉɨɤɪɨɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ȼɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ Ʉɨɪɬɢ, ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɥɨɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɰɢɥɢɣ.

ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ. ɂ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ (ɢɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɚɹ) ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɶ, ɬɨ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɧɫɨɧɟɜɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ (ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɤɨɯɥɟɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɨɜ).

əɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɟɱɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ

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ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ. Ʉ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɥɢɰ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɥɭɯɨɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɶ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɢɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɭɡɵɤɢ. ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɫɛɢɚɤɭɡɢɫ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɲɭɦɨɦ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɲɶ 7-10% ɥɢɰ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ:

1.Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɬ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɯɚ;

2.ɋɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ;

3.ɋɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ;

4.ɋɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɧɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ;

5.Ȼɨɹɡɧɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɩɨɞɨɡɪɢɬɶ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ;

6.ɗɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ.

ȼ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭ ɥɢɰ

ɫɨ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ. ɉɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ Ɋɟɱɢ, əɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɋɥɭɯɚ (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 1984) ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫɥɭɯɨɜɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ» ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦ ɢ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦɨɜ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɭ “ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɭɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ”, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɫ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ.

ɑɢɫɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 13 ɦɥɧ., ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 1 ɦɥɧ. - ɷɬɨ ɞɟɬɢ. ɇɚ 1000 ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 1 ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɝɥɭɯɨɬɨɣ, ɭ 2 ɝɥɭɯɨɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɗɬɢ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɬ.ɤ. ɭɱɟɬ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɯɨɦ

298

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɭɪɞɨɥɨɝɨɩɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɵ.

ɍ 14% ɥɢɰ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɬ 45 ɞɨ 64 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɭ 30% ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 65 ɥɟɬ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɯɚ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ 3-4-ɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 600 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ.

ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ȼɈɁ (2002) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ (ɫɜɵɲɟ 40 ɞȻ) ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 250 ɦɥɧ., ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 4,2% ɨɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɚ. Ʉ 2020 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 30%.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɶ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɢɬ, ɦɟɧɢɧɝɢɬ, ɬɪɚɜɦɵ, ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɢɬ, ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɪɟɫɛɢɚɤɭɡɢɫ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɲɭɦɨɦ.

ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ1 ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ

ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 11382 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (4,2 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɚ 10000 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 17 ɥɟɬ) ɢɥɢ 16,2% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ-ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ – 5586 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ – ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɰɟɪɟɛɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɱɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɵ.

ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦɢ ɜ

2007 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɫ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ

31700 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (2,8 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɧɚ 10000 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɬ 18 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ) ɢɥɢ 2,9% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦɢ.

ɍ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɨɪɧɨ-ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢ ɮɚɡɵ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɛɺɧɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥ: ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɪɨɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

1 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ 2007 ɝɨɞɭ. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ. – Ɇ.: «ɎȻ Ɇɋɗ», 2008. – ɫ. 444, 62 ɬɚɛɥ.

299

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ, ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɟɡɨɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɛɺɧɤɚ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

ɂɧɜɚɥɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɛɺɧɤɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɚɜɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦɢ. ɋɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɛɺɧɤɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɢɞɟɧɬɟɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ (ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ, ɩɨɥɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ «ə», ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɨɥɟɣ, ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ; ɩɪɢɬɹɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ), ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɨɣ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɚɦɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ), ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ (ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ), ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɵ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬɨ ɭ ɪɟɛɺɧɤɚ ɨɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ «ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ» ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɛɺɧɤɚ, ɢ «ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ» ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ.

Ʉ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ.

Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɧɟɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɸ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ., ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ: ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɜɭɤɨɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɢɧɨɬɟɚɬɪɚɯ ɢ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɯ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ, ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ, ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ, ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɭɪɞɨɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ, ɛɟɝɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ

300

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɯɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɯɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɯɥɟɚɪɧɨɣ ɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɯɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ2:

2 Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ.

301

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɭɪɞɨɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ, ɛɟɝɭɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɯɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɯɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɤɨɯɥɟɚɪɧɨɣ ɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.

Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɡɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɣ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɬɹɡɚɧɢɣ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɚ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ «ə», ɨɛɪɚɡɚ «Ɇɕ». ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɨɥɟɣ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ, ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ.

4.2. Ɋɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ

Ɋɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɢ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɚɯ ɫɭɪɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɩɪɨɬɟɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ Ɇɋɗ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ), ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɯɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ I ɢ II ɜɢɞɚ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɢɧɝɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ.

ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ:

1. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɳɚɹ:

ɚ) ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ;

302

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ɛ) ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɭɛ; ɜ) ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ «ɫɬɢɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ» ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ).

2.Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫ-ɬɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ. ɉɚɰɢɟɧɬ ɢ ɟɝɨ (ɟɟ) ɫɟɦɶɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ «ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɭ», ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɝɭɛ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɭɸ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɦɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɯɚ.

3.Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɰ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ.

Ɋɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɚɱɚɬɵɟ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ ɟɝɨ (ɟɟ) ɢɡ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɟɧɫɢɸ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɟɣ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɭɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ⱦɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɭɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɚɭɞɢɨɥɨɝɚ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɭ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ, ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ȼ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ (ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɚɭɞɢɨɥɨɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ:

1.ɉɚɰɢɟɧɬ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɧɟ ɭɦɢɪɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɥɭɯɨɬɵ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ;

2.ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɯɚ - ɷɬɨ ɫɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɡ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɚɮɢɲɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ;

303

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

3.ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɚɮɢɲɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ;

4.ɑɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɯɚ, ɧɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɸɬ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ.

ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɯɥɟɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɪɵɜ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɦɢ, ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɭɯɨ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɯɥɟɚɪɧɨɣ ɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɍɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ - ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ:

ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ - ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ. ɉɪɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɭɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ

ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɥɭɯɨɬɟ (Ƚ.Ⱥ.Ɍɚɜɚɪɬɤɢɥɚɞɡɟ, 1996; Ƚ.Ⱥ Ɍɚɜɚɪɬɤɢɥɚɞɡɟ ɢ ɫɨɚɜɬ., 1996), ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ (ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɪɢɫɤɚ - ɜ ɪɨɞɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɨɦɟ, ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɭɝɨɭɯɨɫɬɢ - ɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɤɥɢɧɢɤɟ, ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡ - ɜ ɫɭɪɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɟ), ɭ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ - ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɚɯ (ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ!), ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ - ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ (ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ). ȼɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɚɭɞɢɨɥɨɝɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɦɟɞɢɤɨ-ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ: ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɥɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ; ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɯɥɟɚɪɧɚɹ ɢɦɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɹ; ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ; ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ - ɷɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ (ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ

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ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ); ɤɚɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɵ (ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɪɟɱɟɜɭɸ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɭ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɸ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɥɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ (ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɩɟɞɢɚɬɪɨɜ, ɧɟɜɪɨɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ, ɫɭɪɞɨɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɨɜ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.); ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɫ ɝɥɭɯɨɬɨɣ, ɥɢɰ ɫɬɚɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɥɢɰ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɛɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɢɧɫɭɥɶɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ (ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ); ɛɵɥɢ ɥɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ - ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɭɯɚ: ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ (ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ: ɬ.ɟ. ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɜɭɯɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ - ɩɪɨɲɟɥ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɟɥ ɬɟɫɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ (Rogers, 1986). ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ, ɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɹɞɚ ɬɟɪɚɩɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɨɡɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɧɡɢɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɚɪɞɢɨɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ), ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ.

ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ (Tjossem, 1976). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɭ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ

305

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɂ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɚɭɞɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɟ.

Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɭɞɢɨɥɨɝɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɭɸ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɸ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ.

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɪɢɧɢɧɝɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɪɟɲɚɟɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɪɚɧɧɟɦ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ - ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɢ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.

ɇɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɇɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɫ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɦ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɥɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɯɚ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɟɤ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ.

Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ - ɷɬɨ ɩɨɠɢɥɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɨɦ: ɭɬɪɚɬɚ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɞɨɯɨɞɚ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɯɚ, ɨɧɢ ɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ, ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɪɢɚɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɰɢɢ.

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