Exercise 4. Repetition of fricative and affricate pairs.

Listen and repeat:

a) Initial ∫ and t∫ [∫op] [t∫op] (shop, chop)

[∫i:t] [t∫i:t] (sheet, cheat)

[∫u:z] [t∫u:z] (shoes, choose)

b) Medial ∫ and t∫

[li:∫iz] [li:t∫iz] (leashes, leaches)

[wo∫iŋ] [wot∫iŋ] (washing, watching)

[bæ∫iz] [bæt∫iz] (bashes, batches)

c) Final ∫ and t∫

[mæ∫] [mæt∫] (mash, match)

[kæ∫] [kæt∫] (cash, catch)

[wi∫] [wit∫] (wish, witch)

d) Medial ∫ and t∫

[leзə] [ledзə] (leisure, ledger)

[pleзə] [pledзə] (pleasure, pledger)

[li:зən] [li:dзən] (lesion, legion)

Exercise 5. Discrimination between fricatives and affricates.

You will hear some of the words from Exercise 4. When you hear the word, say "A" if you hear the word on the left or "B" if you hear the word on the right. You will then hear the correct answer and the word will be said again for you to repeat.

Tape Unit 7. Further consonants.

Exercise 1. Repetition of words containing a velar nasal

Listen and repeat; take care not to pronounce a plosive after the velar nasal.

[hæŋ] [hæŋə]

[siŋiŋ] [roŋ]

[r/\ŋ] [bæŋiŋ]

[θiŋ] [riŋ]

Exercise 2. ŋ with and without g

Words of one morpheme Listen and repeat: [fiŋgə] finger

[æŋgə] anger

[bæŋgə] Bangor

[h/\ŋgə] hunger

[æŋgl] angle

Words of two morphemes

Listen and repeat:

[siŋə] singer

[hæŋə] hanger

[loŋiŋ] longing

[riŋiŋ] ringing

[bæŋə] banger

Exercise 3. "Clear" and "dark" l

"Clear l" before vowels

Listen and repeat: [lai] lie [ləu] low

[lu:s] loose [laud] loud [li:k] leak [lo:] law

"Dark l" before pause

Listen and repeat: [fil] fill [peil] pale

[bel] bell [mail] mile

[ni:l] kneel [kil] kill

"Dark l" before consonant.

Listen and repeat: [help] help [feild] failed [filθ] filth [milk] milk

[belt] belt [wel∫] Welsh

Exercise 4. r

Listen and repeat, concentrating on not allowing the tongue to make contact with the roof of the mouth in pronouncing this consonant:

[eəriŋ] airing [reərə] rarer

[ri:rait] rewrite [heriŋ] herring

[terərist] terrorist [mirə] mirror

[ærəu] arrow [ro:riŋ] roaring

Exercise 5. j and w

Listen and repeat: [ju:] you [wei] way

[jo:n] yawn [wo:] war [jiə] year [win] win

[juə] your [weə] wear

Exercise 6. Dictation of words.

When you hear the word, write it down using phonemic symbols. Each word will be said three times; you should stop your tape if you need more time for writing. (1... 12)

Tape Unit 8. Consonant clusters

Exercise 1. Devoicing of l, r, w, j.

When l, r, w, j follow p, t or k in syllable-initial position they are produced as voiceless, slightly fricative sounds. Listen and repeat:

[plei] play

[trei] tray

[kliə] clear

[prei] pray

[twin] twin

[krai] cry

[pju:] pew

[tju:n] tune

[kju:] queue

Exercise 2. Repetition of initial clusters.

Two consonants

Listen and repeat

[spot] spot

[stəun] stone

[skeit] skate

[sfiə] sphere

[smail] smile

[snəu] snow

[slæm] slam

[swit∫] switch

[plau] plough

[twist] twist

[kri:m] cream

[pjuə] pure

[fleim] flame

[∫riŋk] shrink

[vju:] view

[θwo:t] thwart

Three consonants

Listen and repeat:

[splei] splay

[strei] stray

[skru:] screw

[sprei] spray [stju:] stew [skwo∫] squash

[spju:] spew [skju:] skew

Exercise 3. Final plosive-plus-plosive clusters.

a) When one plosive is followed by another at the end of a syllable, the second plosive is usually the only one that can be clearly heard. In this exercise, take care not to make an audible release of the first plosive.

Listen and repeat:

[pækt] packed

[bægd] bagged

[dropt] dropped

[robd] robbed

[rigd] rigged

[d/\kt] duct

[lept] leapt

[græbd] grabbed

b) It is difficult to hear the difference between, for example, 'dropped back' and 'drop back', since in the normal pronunciation only the last plosive of the cluster the b of bask is audibly released. The main difference is that the three consonant cluster is longer.

Listen and repeat:

Exercise 4. Recognition.

Look at the items of Exercise 3(b) above. When you hear one of them, say "A" if you hear an item from the left-hand column, or "B" if you hear one from the right-hand column. You will then hear the correct answer and the item will be said again for you to repeat. (1...6)

Exercise 5. Final clusters of three and four consonants.

Listen and repeat:

[help]s helps

[siksθ] sixth

[θæŋkt] thanked

[edзd] edged

[twelfθs] twelfths

[nekst] next

[reindзd] ranged

[risks] risks

[ri:t∫t] reached

[teksts] texts

Exercise 6. Pronouncing consonant clusters.

When you hear the number, say the word. You will then hear the correct pronunciation which you should repeat.

[skreipt]

[gr/\dзd]

[kləuðz]

[scripts]

[kr/\nt∫]

[θrəunz]

[pl/\ndзd]

[kwent∫]