BITAND

BIN_TO_NUM

Syntax bin_to_num::=

Purpose

BIN_TO_NUM converts a bit vector to its equivalent number. Each argument to this function represents a bit in the bit vector. Each expr must evaluate to 0 or 1. This function returns Oracle NUMBER.

BIN_TO_NUM is useful in data warehousing applications for selecting groups of interest from a materialized view using grouping sets.

See Also:

■group_by_clause on page 18-21 for information on

GROUPING SETS syntax

■Oracle9i Data Warehousing Guide for information on data aggregation in general

Examples

The following example converts a binary value to a number:

SELECT BIN_TO_NUM(1,0,1,0) FROM DUAL;

BIN_TO_NUM(1,0,1,0)

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10

BITAND

Syntax bitand::=

BITAND ( argument1 , argument2 )

Functions 6-25

BITAND

Purpose

BITAND computes an AND operation on the bits of argument1 and argument2, both of which must resolve to nonnegative integers, and returns an integer. This function is commonly used with the DECODE function, as illustrated in the example that follows.

Note: This function does not determine the datatype of the value returned. Therefore, in SQL*Plus, you must specify BITAND in a wrapper, such as TO_NUMBER, which returns a datatype.

Examples

The following represents each order_status in the sample table oe.orders by individual bits. (The example specifies options that can total only 7, so rows with order_status greater than 7 are eliminated.)

6-26 Oracle9i SQL Reference

CAST

CAST

Syntax cast::=

MULTISET ( subquery )

Purpose

CAST converts one built-in datatype or collection-typed value into another built-in datatype or collection-typed value.

CAST lets you convert built-in datatypes or collection-typed values of one type into another built-in datatype or collection type. You can cast an unnamed operand (such as a date or the result set of a subquery) or a named collection (such as a varray or a nested table) into a type-compatible datatype or named collection. The type_name must be the name of a built-in datatype or collection type and the operand must be a built-in datatype or must evaluate to a collection value.

For the operand, expr can be either a built-in datatype or a collection type, and subquery must return a single value of collection type or built-in type. MULTISET informs Oracle to take the result set of the subquery and return a collection value. Table 6–1 shows which built-in datatypes can be cast into which other built-in datatypes. (CAST does not support LONG, LONG RAW, any of the LOB datatypes, or the Oracle-supplied types.)

Table 6–1 Casting Built-In Datatypes

aYou cannot cast a UROWID to a ROWID if the UROWID contains the value of a ROWID of an index-organized table.

bDatetime/Interval includes DATE, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE, INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND, and INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH,

Functions 6-27

CAST

aYou cannot cast a UROWID to a ROWID if the UROWID contains the value of a ROWID of an index-organized table.

bDatetime/Interval includes DATE, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE, INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND, and INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH,

If you want to cast a named collection type into another named collection type, then the elements of both collections must be of the same type.

If the result set of subquery can evaluate to multiple rows, then you must specify the MULTISET keyword. The rows resulting from the subquery form the elements of the collection value into which they are cast. Without the MULTISET keyword, the subquery is treated as a scalar subquery.

Built-In Datatype Examples

The following examples use the CAST function with scalar datatypes:

SELECT CAST(’22-OCT-1997’ AS TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE) FROM dual;

SELECT product_id,

CAST(ad_sourcetext AS VARCHAR2(30))

FROM print_media;

Collection Examples

The CAST examples that follow build on the cust_address_typ found in the sample order entry schema, oe.

CREATE TYPE address_book_t AS TABLE OF cust_address_typ;

/

CREATE TYPE address_array_t AS VARRAY(3) OF cust_address_typ;

/

6-28 Oracle9i SQL Reference

CAST

CREATE TABLE cust_address (

CREATE TABLE cust_short (custno NUMBER, name VARCHAR2(31));

CREATE TABLE states (state_id NUMBER, addresses address_array_t);

This example casts a subquery:

SELECT s.custno, s.name, CAST(MULTISET(SELECT ca.street_address,

ca.postal_code, ca.city, ca.state_province, ca.country_id

FROM cust_address ca

WHERE s.custno = ca.custno) AS address_book_t)

FROM cust_short s;

CAST converts a varray type column into a nested table:

SELECT CAST(s.addresses AS address_book_t)

FROM states s

WHERE s.state_id = 111;

The following objects create the basis of the example that follows:

CREATE TABLE projects

(employee_id NUMBER, project_name VARCHAR2(10));

CREATE TABLE emps_short

(employee_id NUMBER, last_name VARCHAR2(10));

CREATE TYPE project_table_typ AS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(10);

/

The following example of a MULTISET expression uses these objects:

SELECT e.last_name,

CAST(MULTISET(SELECT p.project_name

FROM projects p

Functions 6-29