
- •Contents
- •Send Us Your Comments
- •Preface
- •What’s New in SQL Reference?
- •1 Introduction to Oracle SQL
- •History of SQL
- •SQL Standards
- •Embedded SQL
- •Lexical Conventions
- •Tools Support
- •2 Basic Elements of Oracle SQL
- •Datatypes
- •Oracle Built-in Datatypes
- •ANSI, DB2, and SQL/DS Datatypes
- •Oracle-Supplied Types
- •"Any" Types
- •XML Types
- •Spatial Type
- •Media Types
- •Datatype Comparison Rules
- •Data Conversion
- •Literals
- •Text Literals
- •Integer Literals
- •Number Literals
- •Interval Literals
- •Format Models
- •Number Format Models
- •Date Format Models
- •String-to-Date Conversion Rules
- •XML Format Model
- •Nulls
- •Nulls in SQL Functions
- •Nulls with Comparison Conditions
- •Nulls in Conditions
- •Pseudocolumns
- •CURRVAL and NEXTVAL
- •LEVEL
- •ROWID
- •ROWNUM
- •XMLDATA
- •Comments
- •Comments Within SQL Statements
- •Comments on Schema Objects
- •Hints
- •Database Objects
- •Schema Objects
- •Nonschema Objects
- •Parts of Schema Objects
- •Schema Object Names and Qualifiers
- •Schema Object Naming Rules
- •Schema Object Naming Examples
- •Schema Object Naming Guidelines
- •Syntax for Schema Objects and Parts in SQL Statements
- •How Oracle Resolves Schema Object References
- •Referring to Objects in Other Schemas
- •Referring to Objects in Remote Databases
- •Referencing Object Type Attributes and Methods
- •3 Operators
- •About SQL Operators
- •Unary and Binary Operators
- •Operator Precedence
- •Arithmetic Operators
- •Concatenation Operator
- •Set Operators
- •4 Expressions
- •About SQL Expressions
- •Simple Expressions
- •Compound Expressions
- •CASE Expressions
- •CURSOR Expressions
- •Datetime Expressions
- •Function Expressions
- •INTERVAL Expressions
- •Object Access Expressions
- •Scalar Subquery Expressions
- •Type Constructor Expressions
- •Variable Expressions
- •Expression Lists
- •5 Conditions
- •About SQL Conditions
- •Condition Precedence
- •Comparison Conditions
- •Simple Comparison Conditions
- •Group Comparison Conditions
- •Logical Conditions
- •Membership Conditions
- •Range Conditions
- •Null Conditions
- •EQUALS_PATH
- •EXISTS Conditions
- •LIKE Conditions
- •IS OF type Conditions
- •UNDER_PATH
- •Compound Conditions
- •6 Functions
- •SQL Functions
- •Single-Row Functions
- •Aggregate Functions
- •Analytic Functions
- •Object Reference Functions
- •Alphabetical Listing of SQL Functions
- •ACOS
- •ADD_MONTHS
- •ASCII
- •ASCIISTR
- •ASIN
- •ATAN
- •ATAN2
- •BFILENAME
- •BITAND
- •CAST
- •CEIL
- •CHARTOROWID
- •COALESCE
- •COMPOSE
- •CONCAT
- •CONVERT
- •CORR
- •COSH
- •COUNT
- •COVAR_POP
- •COVAR_SAMP
- •CUME_DIST
- •CURRENT_DATE
- •CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
- •DBTIMEZONE
- •DECODE
- •DECOMPOSE
- •DENSE_RANK
- •DEPTH
- •DEREF
- •DUMP
- •EMPTY_BLOB, EMPTY_CLOB
- •EXISTSNODE
- •EXTRACT (datetime)
- •EXTRACT (XML)
- •EXTRACTVALUE
- •FIRST
- •FIRST_VALUE
- •FLOOR
- •FROM_TZ
- •GREATEST
- •GROUP_ID
- •GROUPING
- •GROUPING_ID
- •HEXTORAW
- •INITCAP
- •INSTR
- •LAST
- •LAST_DAY
- •LAST_VALUE
- •LEAD
- •LEAST
- •LENGTH
- •LOCALTIMESTAMP
- •LOWER
- •LPAD
- •LTRIM
- •MAKE_REF
- •MONTHS_BETWEEN
- •NCHR
- •NEW_TIME
- •NEXT_DAY
- •NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN
- •NLS_CHARSET_ID
- •NLS_CHARSET_NAME
- •NLS_INITCAP
- •NLS_LOWER
- •NLSSORT
- •NLS_UPPER
- •NTILE
- •NULLIF
- •NUMTODSINTERVAL
- •NUMTOYMINTERVAL
- •PATH
- •PERCENT_RANK
- •PERCENTILE_CONT
- •PERCENTILE_DISC
- •POWER
- •RANK
- •RATIO_TO_REPORT
- •RAWTOHEX
- •RAWTONHEX
- •REFTOHEX
- •REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions
- •REPLACE
- •ROUND (number)
- •ROUND (date)
- •ROW_NUMBER
- •ROWIDTOCHAR
- •ROWIDTONCHAR
- •RPAD
- •RTRIM
- •SESSIONTIMEZONE
- •SIGN
- •SINH
- •SOUNDEX
- •SQRT
- •STDDEV
- •STDDEV_POP
- •STDDEV_SAMP
- •SUBSTR
- •SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH
- •SYS_CONTEXT
- •SYS_DBURIGEN
- •SYS_EXTRACT_UTC
- •SYS_GUID
- •SYS_TYPEID
- •SYS_XMLAGG
- •SYS_XMLGEN
- •SYSDATE
- •SYSTIMESTAMP
- •TANH
- •TO_CHAR (character)
- •TO_CHAR (datetime)
- •TO_CHAR (number)
- •TO_CLOB
- •TO_DATE
- •TO_DSINTERVAL
- •TO_MULTI_BYTE
- •TO_NCHAR (character)
- •TO_NCHAR (datetime)
- •TO_NCHAR (number)
- •TO_NCLOB
- •TO_NUMBER
- •TO_SINGLE_BYTE
- •TO_TIMESTAMP
- •TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ
- •TO_YMINTERVAL
- •TRANSLATE
- •TRANSLATE ... USING
- •TREAT
- •TRIM
- •TRUNC (number)
- •TRUNC (date)
- •TZ_OFFSET
- •UNISTR
- •UPDATEXML
- •UPPER
- •USER
- •USERENV
- •VALUE
- •VAR_SAMP
- •VARIANCE
- •VSIZE
- •WIDTH_BUCKET
- •XMLAGG
- •XMLCOLATTVAL
- •XMLCONCAT
- •XMLELEMENT
- •XMLFOREST
- •XMLSEQUENCE
- •XMLTRANSFORM
- •ROUND and TRUNC Date Functions
- •User-Defined Functions
- •Prerequisites
- •Name Precedence
- •7 Common SQL DDL Clauses
- •allocate_extent_clause
- •constraints
- •deallocate_unused_clause
- •file_specification
- •logging_clause
- •parallel_clause
- •physical_attributes_clause
- •storage_clause
- •8 SQL Queries and Subqueries
- •About Queries and Subqueries
- •Creating Simple Queries
- •Hierarchical Queries
- •The UNION [ALL], INTERSECT, MINUS Operators
- •Sorting Query Results
- •Joins
- •Using Subqueries
- •Unnesting of Nested Subqueries
- •Selecting from the DUAL Table
- •Distributed Queries
- •9 SQL Statements: ALTER CLUSTER to ALTER SEQUENCE
- •Types of SQL Statements
- •Organization of SQL Statements
- •ALTER CLUSTER
- •ALTER DATABASE
- •ALTER DIMENSION
- •ALTER FUNCTION
- •ALTER INDEX
- •ALTER INDEXTYPE
- •ALTER JAVA
- •ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
- •ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
- •ALTER OPERATOR
- •ALTER OUTLINE
- •ALTER PACKAGE
- •ALTER PROCEDURE
- •ALTER PROFILE
- •ALTER RESOURCE COST
- •ALTER ROLE
- •ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
- •ALTER SEQUENCE
- •10 SQL Statements: ALTER SESSION to ALTER SYSTEM
- •ALTER SESSION
- •ALTER SYSTEM
- •ALTER TABLE
- •ALTER TABLESPACE
- •ALTER TRIGGER
- •ALTER TYPE
- •ALTER USER
- •ALTER VIEW
- •ANALYZE
- •ASSOCIATE STATISTICS
- •AUDIT
- •CALL
- •COMMENT
- •COMMIT
- •13 SQL Statements: CREATE CLUSTER to CREATE JAVA
- •CREATE CLUSTER
- •CREATE CONTEXT
- •CREATE CONTROLFILE
- •CREATE DATABASE
- •CREATE DATABASE LINK
- •CREATE DIMENSION
- •CREATE DIRECTORY
- •CREATE FUNCTION
- •CREATE INDEX
- •CREATE INDEXTYPE
- •CREATE JAVA
- •14 SQL Statements: CREATE LIBRARY to CREATE SPFILE
- •CREATE LIBRARY
- •CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
- •CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
- •CREATE OPERATOR
- •CREATE OUTLINE
- •CREATE PACKAGE
- •CREATE PACKAGE BODY
- •CREATE PFILE
- •CREATE PROCEDURE
- •CREATE PROFILE
- •CREATE ROLE
- •CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
- •CREATE SCHEMA
- •CREATE SEQUENCE
- •CREATE SPFILE
- •15 SQL Statements: CREATE SYNONYM to CREATE TRIGGER
- •CREATE SYNONYM
- •CREATE TABLE
- •CREATE TABLESPACE
- •CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE
- •CREATE TRIGGER
- •CREATE TYPE
- •CREATE TYPE BODY
- •CREATE USER
- •CREATE VIEW
- •DELETE
- •DISASSOCIATE STATISTICS
- •DROP CLUSTER
- •DROP CONTEXT
- •DROP DATABASE LINK
- •DROP DIMENSION
- •DROP DIRECTORY
- •DROP FUNCTION
- •DROP INDEX
- •DROP INDEXTYPE
- •DROP JAVA
- •DROP LIBRARY
- •DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
- •DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG
- •DROP OPERATOR
- •DROP OUTLINE
- •DROP PACKAGE
- •DROP PROCEDURE
- •DROP PROFILE
- •DROP ROLE
- •DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT
- •17 SQL Statements: DROP SEQUENCE to ROLLBACK
- •DROP SEQUENCE
- •DROP SYNONYM
- •DROP TABLE
- •DROP TABLESPACE
- •DROP TRIGGER
- •DROP TYPE
- •DROP TYPE BODY
- •DROP USER
- •DROP VIEW
- •EXPLAIN PLAN
- •GRANT
- •INSERT
- •LOCK TABLE
- •MERGE
- •NOAUDIT
- •RENAME
- •REVOKE
- •ROLLBACK
- •18 SQL Statements: SAVEPOINT to UPDATE
- •SAVEPOINT
- •SELECT
- •SET CONSTRAINT[S]
- •SET ROLE
- •SET TRANSACTION
- •TRUNCATE
- •UPDATE
- •Required Keywords and Parameters
- •Optional Keywords and Parameters
- •Syntax Loops
- •Multipart Diagrams
- •Database Objects
- •ANSI Standards
- •ISO Standards
- •Oracle Compliance
- •FIPS Compliance
- •Oracle Extensions to Standard SQL
- •Character Set Support
- •Using Extensible Indexing
- •Using XML in SQL Statements
- •Index

Schema Object Names and Qualifiers
Note that Oracle interprets the following names the same, so they cannot be used for different objects in the same namespace:
employees EMPLOYEES "EMPLOYEES"
9.If you name a user or a password with a quoted identifier, then the name cannot contain lowercase letters.
10.Columns in the same table or view cannot have the same name. However, columns in different tables or views can have the same name.
11.Procedures or functions contained in the same package can have the same name, if their arguments are not of the same number and datatypes. Creating multiple procedures or functions with the same name in the same package with different arguments is called overloading the procedure or function.
Schema Object Naming Examples
The following examples are valid schema object names:
last_name horse hr.hire_date
"EVEN THIS & THAT!" a_very_long_and_valid_name
All of these examples adhere to the rules listed in "Schema Object Naming Rules" on page 2-110. The following example is not valid, because it exceeds 30 characters:
a_very_very_long_and_valid_name
Although column aliases, table aliases, usernames, and passwords are not objects or parts of objects, they must also follow these naming rules unless otherwise specified in the rules themselves.
Schema Object Naming Guidelines
Here are several helpful guidelines for naming objects and their parts:
■Use full, descriptive, pronounceable names (or well-known abbreviations).
■Use consistent naming rules.
■Use the same name to describe the same entity or attribute across tables.
2-114 Oracle9i SQL Reference