CREATE SCHEMA

CREATE SCHEMA

Purpose

Use the CREATE SCHEMA to create multiple tables and views and perform multiple grants in a single transaction.

To execute a CREATE SCHEMA statement, Oracle executes each included statement. If all statements execute successfully, Oracle commits the transaction. If any statement results in an error, Oracle rolls back all the statements.

Note: This statement does not actually create a schema. Oracle automatically creates a schema when you create a user (see CREATE USER on page 16-32). This statement lets you populate your schema with tables and views and grant privileges on those objects without having to issue multiple SQL statements in multiple transactions.

Prerequisites

The CREATE SCHEMA statement can include CREATE TABLE, CREATE VIEW, and

GRANT statements. To issue a CREATE SCHEMA statement, you must have the privileges necessary to issue the included statements.

Syntax

create_schema::=

Keyword and Parameters

schema

Specify the name of the schema. The schema name must be the same as your Oracle username.

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create_table_statement

Specify a CREATE TABLE statement to be issued as part of this CREATE SCHEMA statement. Do not end this statement with a semicolon (or other terminator character).

See Also: CREATE TABLE on page 15-7

create_view_statement

Specify a CREATE VIEW statement to be issued as part of this CREATE SCHEMA statement. Do not end this statement with a semicolon (or other terminator character).

See Also: CREATE VIEW on page 16-39

grant_statement

Specify a GRANT object_privileges statement to be issued as part of this CREATE SCHEMA statement. Do not end this statement with a semicolon (or other terminator character).

See Also: GRANT on page 17-29

The CREATE SCHEMA statement supports the syntax of these statements only as defined by standard SQL, rather than the complete syntax supported by Oracle.

The order in which you list the CREATE TABLE, CREATE VIEW, and GRANT statements is unimportant. The statements within a CREATE SCHEMA statement can reference existing objects or objects you create in other statements within the same

CREATE SCHEMA statement.

Restriction on Granting Privileges to a Schema The syntax of the parallel_ clause is allowed for a CREATE TABLE statement in CREATE SCHEMA, but parallelism is not used when creating the objects.

See Also: the parallel_clause of CREATE TABLE on page 15-53

Example

Creating a Schema: Example The following statement creates a schema named oe for the sample order-entry user oe, creates the table new_product, creates the

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CREATE SCHEMA

view new_product_view, and grants SELECT privilege on new_product_view to the sample human resources user hr.

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION oe CREATE TABLE new_product

(color VARCHAR2(10) PRIMARY KEY, quantity NUMBER) CREATE VIEW new_product_view

AS SELECT color, quantity FROM new_product WHERE color = ’RED’ GRANT select ON new_product_view TO hr;

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CREATE SEQUENCE

CREATE SEQUENCE

Purpose

Use the CREATE SEQUENCE statement to create a sequence, which is a database object from which multiple users may generate unique integers. You can use sequences to automatically generate primary key values.

When a sequence number is generated, the sequence is incremented, independent of the transaction committing or rolling back. If two users concurrently increment the same sequence, the sequence numbers each user acquires may have gaps because sequence numbers are being generated by the other user. One user can never acquire the sequence number generated by another user. Once a sequence value is generated by one user, that user can continue to access that value regardless of whether the sequence is incremented by another user.

Sequence numbers are generated independently of tables, so the same sequence can be used for one or for multiple tables. It is possible that individual sequence numbers will appear to be skipped, because they were generated and used in a transaction that ultimately rolled back. Additionally, a single user may not realize that other users are drawing from the same sequence.

Once a sequence is created, you can access its values in SQL statements with the CURRVAL pseudocolumn (which returns the current value of the sequence) or the NEXTVAL pseudocolumn (which increments the sequence and returns the new value).

See Also:

■"Pseudocolumns" on page 2-82 for more information on using the CURRVAL and NEXTVAL

■"How to Use Sequence Values" on page 2-84 for information on using sequences

■ALTER SEQUENCE on page 9-140 or DROP SEQUENCE on page 17-2 for information on modifying or dropping a sequence

Prerequisites

To create a sequence in your own schema, you must have CREATE SEQUENCE privilege.

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CREATE SEQUENCE

To create a sequence in another user’s schema, you must have CREATE ANY

SEQUENCE privilege.

Syntax

create_sequence::=

Semantics

schema

Specify the schema to contain the sequence. If you omit schema, Oracle creates the sequence in your own schema.

sequence

Specify the name of the sequence to be created.

If you specify none of the following clauses, you create an ascending sequence that starts with 1 and increases by 1 with no upper limit. Specifying only INCREMENT BY -1 creates a descending sequence that starts with -1 and decreases with no lower limit.

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■To create a sequence that increments without bound, for ascending sequences, omit the MAXVALUE parameter or specify NOMAXVALUE. For descending sequences, omit the MINVALUE parameter or specify the NOMINVALUE.

■To create a sequence that stops at a predefined limit, for an ascending sequence, specify a value for the MAXVALUE parameter. For a descending sequence, specify a value for the MINVALUE parameter. Also specify the NOCYCLE. Any attempt to generate a sequence number once the sequence has reached its limit results in an error.

■To create a sequence that restarts after reaching a predefined limit, specify values for both the MAXVALUE and MINVALUE parameters. Also specify the CYCLE. If you do not specify MINVALUE, then it defaults to NOMINVALUE (that is, the value 1).

Sequence Parameters

INCREMENT BY Specify the interval between sequence numbers. This integer value can be any positive or negative integer, but it cannot be 0. This value can have 28 or fewer digits. The absolute of this value must be less than the difference of MAXVALUE and MINVALUE. If this value is negative, then the sequence descends. If the increment is positive, then the sequence ascends. If you omit this clause, the interval defaults to 1.

START WITH Specify the first sequence number to be generated. Use this clause to start an ascending sequence at a value greater than its minimum or to start a descending sequence at a value less than its maximum. For ascending sequences, the default value is the minimum value of the sequence. For descending sequences, the default value is the maximum value of the sequence. This integer value can have 28 or fewer digits.

Note: This value is not necessarily the value to which an ascending cycling sequence cycles after reaching its maximum or minimum value.

MAXVALUE Specify the maximum value the sequence can generate. This integer value can have 28 or fewer digits. MAXVALUE must be equal to or greater than START WITH and must be greater than MINVALUE.

NOMAXVALUE Specify NOMAXVALUE to indicate a maximum value of 1027 for an ascending sequence or -1 for a descending sequence. This is the default.

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CREATE SEQUENCE

MINVALUE Specify the minimum value of the sequence. This integer value can have 28 or fewer digits. MINVALUE must be less than or equal to START WITH and must be less than MAXVALUE.

NOMINVALUE Specify NOMINVALUE to indicate a minimum value of 1 for an ascending sequence or -1026 for a descending sequence. This is the default.

CYCLE Specify CYCLE to indicate that the sequence continues to generate values after reaching either its maximum or minimum value. After an ascending sequence reaches its maximum value, it generates its minimum value. After a descending sequence reaches its minimum, it generates its maximum.

NOCYCLE Specify NOCYCLE to indicate that the sequence cannot generate more values after reaching its maximum or minimum value. This is the default.

CACHE Specify how many values of the sequence Oracle preallocates and keeps in memory for faster access. This integer value can have 28 or fewer digits. The minimum value for this parameter is 2. For sequences that cycle, this value must be less than the number of values in the cycle. You cannot cache more values than will fit in a given cycle of sequence numbers. Therefore, the maximum value allowed for CACHE must be less than the value determined by the following formula:

(CEIL (MAXVALUE - MINVALUE)) / ABS (INCREMENT)

If a system failure occurs, all cached sequence values that have not been used in committed DML statements are lost. The potential number of lost values is equal to the value of the CACHE parameter.

Note: Oracle Corporation recommends using the CACHE setting to enhance performance if you are using sequences in a Real Application Clusters environment.

NOCACHE Specify NOCACHE to indicate that values of the sequence are not preallocated.

If you omit both CACHE and NOCACHE, Oracle caches 20 sequence numbers by default.

ORDER Specify ORDER to guarantee that sequence numbers are generated in order of request. You may want to use this clause if you are using the sequence numbers

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as timestamps. Guaranteeing order is usually not important for sequences used to generate primary keys.

ORDER is necessary only to guarantee ordered generation if you are using Oracle with Real Application Clusters. If you are using exclusive mode, sequence numbers are always generated in order.

NOORDER Specify NOORDER if you do not want to guarantee sequence numbers are generated in order of request. This is the default.

Example

Creating a Sequence: Example The following statement creates the sequence customers_seq in the sample schema oe. This sequence could be used to provide customer ID numbers when rows are added to the customers table.

CREATE SEQUENCE customers_seq

The first reference to customers_seq.nextval returns 1000. The second returns 1001. Each subsequent reference will return a value 1 greater than the previous reference.

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