Каушанская В.Л. - ответы
.pdfмужа миссис Копперфильд боялась приласкать своего сына. (In her husband’s presence, Mrs. Cooperfield was afraid to hug her son.) 9. После минутной нерешительно-
сти Давид подошел к миссис Копперфильд и поцеловал ее. (After a minute’s hesitation David came up to Mrs. Cooperfield and kissed her.) 10. После смерти жены мистер Мердстон послал Давида в Лондон, где мальчик должен был работать в торговом доме (warehouse) Мердстона и Гринби. (After his wife’s death, Mr. Merdson send the boy to London to work in Merdson and Grinbin’s warehouse.)
2.7 Underline the nouns and explain their functions in the sentences below: e.g., Many young people leave their hometown for work in the big city.
people – subject
hometown – direct object
for work – prepositional complement
1.Philip (subject) heard a man’s voice (direct object) talking quickly over the phone. (prepositional complement)
2.The boys and girls (compound subject) took some bread and cheese (direct object) with them.
3.Mr. Smith (subject) was still thinking of next morning’s papers. (prepositional complement)
4.The breakfast table (subject) at Mr. Boffin’s (prepositional complement) was usually very pleasant.
5.The woman (subject) needed a good night’s sleep. (direct object)
6.I will have extensively studied English grammar. (direct object)
7.The woman (subject) whom you are looking for is she.
8.My professor (subject) recommended an extremely captivating book. (direct object)
9.The woman (subject) has always hated mice. (direct object)
10.America (subject) recently elected Barack Obama (direct object) president. (indirect object)
11.The child (subject) drew his mother (indirect object) a picture. (direct object)
12.The students (subject) studied during their spring break. (prepositional complement)
13.Because of a lengthy delay, we missed our flight. (direct object)
14.We reserved twenty hotel rooms. (direct object)
15.The librarians’ report (subject) was informative.
16.The musician Stevie Nicks (subject) is a singer (predicative) in Fleetwood Mac.
(prepositional complement)
17.We decided to go home. (adverbial modifier)
18.Yesterday the children (subject) slept in late.
19.Both native speakers and ESL students (compound subject) must learn ten functions
(direct object) of nouns. (genitive case)
2.8 Underline the noun phrases in the sentences below. Put the head word(s) of the noun phrases above in parentheses.
Ex. (Indiana Jones) is famed for his adventures.
Indiana – pre-modifier (noun as an adjective)
Jones – head (word)
for his adventures – post-modifier (prepositional phrase)
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1.The teacher gave an (determiner) exciting (pre-modifier) lecture (head) on noun phrases (post-modifier – prepositional phrase).
2.This news is such a (determiner) surprise (head).
3.My sister was born in the month of September.
4.The (determiner) battered old (pre-modifier) car (head) that my neighbour bought yesterday (post-modifier) was parked outside my house.
5.The (determiner) stairs (head) in my house (post-modifier – prepositional phrase) is made of wood.
6.The class was all (head) working on a project together (post-modifier – ing clause).
7.The police found some (determiner) glass (head) from the broken window (postmodifier – prepositional phrase) on the ground (post-modifier – prepositional phrase). One (determiner) of my (premodifier) friends (head) is a vet.
8.They saw an (determiner) old (pre-modifier) film (head) at the cinema (postmodifier – prepositional phrase).
9.I have a (determiner) terrible (pre-modifier) headache (head).
10.His father went to school (head) to see his teacher (post-modifier – infinitive clause). Many people spend their summer (pre-modifier) holidays (head) in one of the many cities in Italy (post-modifier – prepositional phrase).
11.Venice looks just as beautiful the (determiner) first, second or third (postdeterminer) time (head) you visit (post-modifier).
12.Some prefer the (determiner) small (pre-modifier) town (head) of Lecce in the south of the country (post-modifier – prepositional phrase).
13.Lecce attracts a lot of (determiner) Italian (pre-modifier) visitors (head).
14.Its (determiner) fine (pre-modifier) churches (head) are usually decorated the year round (post-modifier – ed-clause).
15.The (determiner) mountain (pre-modifier) country (head) to the north of Milan (post-modifier – prepositional phrase) provides skiing in winter and walking in summer.
16.Each (determiner) region (head) in Italy (post-modifier – prepositional phrase) offers something different.
17.His (pre-modifier) translations (head) of ancient scripts (post-modifier – prepositional phrase) show how intelligent and knowledgeable he is.
2.9 Analyze the following text:
2.9.1Analyze the nouns (morphological composition, types, category, genitive) in sentences 1, 3, 5.
2.9.2Underline the nouns and explain their functions in sentences 2, 4, 6.
2.9.3Underline the noun phrases in sentences 8, 10, 11. Put the head word(s) of the noun phrases above in parentheses. State their functions.
(1) Art experts have a large number of scientific ways to check whether a painting is a forgery. (2) Forged paintings are often discovered because the materials used were not available at the time the original painting was made. (3) Ultra-violet light, x-rays and powerful microscopes can show modern paints and repairs which cannot normally be seen. (4) Many new colors were introduced during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
(5) One of the commonest ways of proving that a supposedly seventeenth century painting is a forgery is to find paints in it which did not exist at the time that the original was produced. (6) For example, many forgeries of old paintings were uncovered when it was discovered that the artists had used titanium white, a paint first produced in 1921. (7) Unfor-
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tunately forgeries of more modern paintings can be difficult to identify. (8) There are also techniques available for testing the age and origin of a painting’s frame, paper or canvas and backing. (9) However, many forgeries still slip through the expert’s net. (10) Many insist that the best way to spot a forgery is to compare it with an undisputed original. (11) One leading expert believes that no single scientific test can reliably prove a painting is a forgery. (12) The important thing is to look at the painting as a whole.
(1)Art experts (simple \ common-class \ plural\ genitive) have a large number of scientific ways (simple \ class-abstract \ plural) to check whether a painting (derivative \ commonclass \ singular) is a forgery (simple \ common-class \ singular).
(3)Ultra-violet light (simple \ common-abstract \ singular), x-rays (derivative \ commonabstract \ plural) and powerful microscopes (derivative \ common-class \ plural) can show modern paints (simple \ common-class \ plural) and repairs (simple \ common-class \ singular) which cannot normally be seen.
(5)One of the commonest ways of proving that a supposedly seventeenth century (simple \ common-class \ singular) painting is a forgery is to find paints in it which did not exist at the time that the original (derivative \ common-abstract \ singular) was produced.
(2)Forged paintings (subject) are often discovered because the materials (subject) used were not available at the time the original painting (predicative) was made.
(4)Many new colors (subject) were introduced during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. (prepositional complement).
(6)For example, many forgeries of old paintings (subject-genitive case) were uncovered when it was discovered that the artists (subject) had used titanium (direct object) white, a paint (attribute) first produced in 1921.
(8) There are also techniques (head) available (post-modifier – adjective) for testing the age and origin of a painting’s frame, paper or canvas and backing. (post-modifier – prepositional phrase).
(10)Many insist that the (determiner) best (pre-modifier) way (head) to spot a forgery
(post-modifier – infinitive-clause) is to compare it with an undisputed original.
(11)One leading expert believes that no (determiner) single (post-determiner) scientific
(pre-modifier) test (head) can reliably prove a painting is a forgery.
2.10 Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на 1) существительные во множественном числе; 2) существительные в притяжательной форме
1.Все данные говорят в пользу этой теории.
2.Наша левая рука не знает, что делает правая.
3.Эта реакция протекает в вакуумах.
4.Что касается работы этого ученого, то она имеет огромное значение.
5.После недельного отдыха кролику можно дать вторую дозу витаминов.
6.В нашем распоряжении существуетнесколько способовдостиженияэтой цели.
7.Они постоянно пытаются расширить сферу применения локальных свойств простоты этой программы.
8.Приемлемый уровень рабочих характеристик для данной машины может рассматриваться как ее собственные характеристики.
9.Очевидно, что сама структура будет определять правило полюсов как параметры системы.
10.Хотя меморандумы по этому вопросу и были неофициальными……..
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11.Согласно статистическим данным, почти одна треть населения Земли испытывает недостаток пресной воды даже сегодня.
12.Наиболее важной проблемой является математическая природа задач……
13.Дурное окружение не влияет на хороших людей.
14.Следует видеть ситуацию своими собственными глазами.
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3.ADJECTIVES
3.1State the morphological composition of the following adjectives.
Pretty (grammar category conversion), bushy (grammar category conversion), weather-stained (composition), thoughtful (derivative), hard-hearted (composition), illegitimate (derivative), sober (grammar category conversion), non-party (derivative), low-bred (composition), improbable (derivative), sceptical (derivative), counter-revolutionary (derivative), careworn (composition), beloved (derivative), wicked (grammar category conversion), disobedient (derivative), long-legged (composition), regular (grammar category conversion), water-proof (composition), large (grammar category conversion), well-timed (composition), homeless (derivative), shaky (grammar category conversion), courageous (derivative), panic-stricken (composition), blindfold (composition), Portuguese (derivative), newly-baked (composition), antique (grammar category conversion), peace-making (composition), forlorn (grammar category conversion), illegible (derivative), abundant (grammar category conversion) , red-haired (composition), small (grammar category conversion), deep-blue (composition), bookish (derivative), snow-white (composition), respectable-looking (composition).
3.2 Use the adjective in the comparative or superlative degree.
1.They had dined well and were now drinking hard ... their faces getting redder and redder. (red, red)
2.Was there anything in the world worse than indecision? (bad)
3.He was only five years younger than I was which made him forty-five. (young)
4.She is stopping at one of best hotels in town. (good)
5.She received congratulations as if she were the happiest of women. (happy)
6.I think we'll resume the conversation when you're a little calmer, Caroline. (calm)
7.He felt her breathing grow slower and easier. (slow, easy)
8.It's hotter in here than it is on the street. (hot)
9.I think you're about the prettiest girl in school. (pretty)
10.All his life he had taken pains to be stronger, braver than his fellows. (strong, brave)
3.3 Put in the missing adjectives. Alternatives are sometimes possible.
alive asleep beautiful big complete fast fresh lovely pleased polished poor quick-drying shiny tall young
NOT A FAST LIFE!
Three and a half years ago Mr. Bell received a beautiful present from his grandson. The boy had had a lovely holiday by the seaside and had bought his grandfather a present. It was a shiny sea-snail which had been stuck on top of an oyster and another shell. Mr. Bell was very pleased with his gift and put it on a shelf. While he was dusting one morning, he accidentally knocked the polished snail off the oyster. He went to find some quick-drying glue. When he came back, he couldn’t believe his eyes. The snail had moved along the shelf. It was alive! “It must have been asleep all these years and the shock woke it up” , Mr. Bell said. He put the snail in a paper bag to show his friends. At first they thought story was complete nonsense, until they saw the snail. The poor crea-
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ture was so hungry, it had eaten a hole in the bag. Mr. Bell gave it a big meal of fresh cabbage leaves which it really enjoyed. “It’s not such a tall story”, a scientist explained. These creatures live on the seashore and don’t lead a fast life. They can hibernate years without eating.
3.4 Put in relative pronouns where necessary. Underline the adjective clauses.
THIS CHARMING PROPERTY
People who tell the truth about the properties they are selling should be given prizes for honesty. A house which is described as “spacious” will be found to be large. Words like “enchanting”, “delightful”, “convenient”, “attractive”, that are commonly used all mean “small”. The words “small” and “picturesque” that are not so frequently used both mean “too small”. A “picturesque house” is one with a bedroom which is too small to put a bed in and a kitchen which is too small to boil an egg in. My prize for honesty goes to someone who recently described a house that he was selling in the following way: “This house which is situated in a very rough area of London is really in need of repair. The house which has a terrible lounge and a tiny dining room also has three miserable bedrooms and a bathroom which is fitted with a leaky shower. The central heating which is expensive to run is unreliable. There is a handkerchief-sized garden which is overgrown with weeds. The neighbours who are generally unfriendly are not likely to welcome you. This property that is definitely not recommended is ridiculously overpriced at $85.000.
3.5 Complete the following dialogue using the correct word from the box.
bored boring confusing convinced convincing relaxed disappointed entertained entertaining frightened interesting surprised
What sort of films do you like?
When I go to the cinema, I like to be entertained.
And what sort of films do you find interesting?
Well, I like films that tell a good entertaining story. And I mean a story that you can follow, not the sort that goes backwards and forwards in time. I find those very boring. I’m frightened when I watch a horror film. I usually close my eyes when the horror starts.
Yes, but if the story is too simple, surely you get disappointed because you know exactly what’s going to happen.
I don’t mean that. If something is intelligible, it’s not necessarily disappointing. Often good stories have confusing events or endings that you can’t possibly know at the beginning.
For me the most important thing is that the actors must be convincing so that you really believe that they are the person they are acting.
If that’s true, I image that you are bored most of the time because, well, for example, Harrison Ford is always Harrison Ford. I’m never convinced that he’s somebody else.
Yes, but it’s often not important in his films because they’re escapist (стремящийся уйти от действительности, жизненных проблем) if you’re feeling tense about work or
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something, you have a good laugh and you come out feeling relaxed and happy with the world.
I’m surprised that you like his films. Although the special effects are good, the story is always terribly simple.
He’s not my favorite, but his films are not bad.
3.6Consider the uses of modifiers in this adjectivally rich paragraph from Thomas Wolfe's Look Homeward, Angel. (Charles Scribner's, 1929, p. 69). Underline them.
He remembered yet the East India Tea House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans, and the robes, the cool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the cool clarion earth, the wet loaminess of the garden, the pungent breakfast smells and the floating snow of blossoms. He knew the inchoate sharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in July, of watermelons bedded in sweet hay, inside a farmer's covered wagon; of cantaloupe and crated peaches; and the scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet, before a fire of coals. He knew the good male smell of his father's sitting-room; of the smooth worn leather sofa, with the gaping horse-hair rent; of the blistered varnished wood upon the hearth; of the heated calf-skin bindings; of the flat moist plug of apple tobacco, stuck with a red flag; of wood-smoke and burnt leaves in October; of the brown tired autumn earth; of honeysuckle at night; of warm nasturtiums, of a clean ruddy farmer who comes weekly with printed butter, eggs, and milk; of fat limp underdone bacon and of coffee; of a bakery-oven in the wind; of large deep-hued string beans smoking-hot and seasoned well with salt and butter; of a room of old pine boards in which books and carpets have been stored, long closed; of Concord grapes in their long white baskets.
3.7The following paragraph is taken from D.H. Lawrence's short story "The Horse Dealer's Daughter". Underline the adjectives, predicate adjectives, and modifying participles in the order in which they appear. For the purposes of this exercise, we have not included the articles "a, an, the", and we have not included the possessive pronouns "his" and "her".
And he hastened straight down, running over the wet, soddened fields, pushing through the hedges, down into the depression of callous, wintry obscurity. It took him several minutes to come to the pond. He stood on the bank, breathing heavily. He could see nothing. His eyes seemed to penetrate the dead water. Yes, perhaps that was the dark shadow of her black clothing beneath the surface of the water.
He slowly ventured into the pond. The bottom was deep, soft clay, then he sank in, and the water clasped… his legs. As he stirred he could smell the cold, rotten clay that fouled up into the water. It was objectionable in his lungs. Still, repelled and yet not heeding, he moved deeper into the pond. The cold water rose over his thighs, over his loins, upon his abdomen. The lower part of his body was all sunk in the hideous cold element. And the bottom was so deeply soft and uncertain, he was afraid of pitching with his mouth underneath. He could not swim, and was afraid.
3.8Translate into English.
1.Киев – более древний город, чем Москва; это один из древнейших городов России. (Kiev is older than \ more ancient than Moscow, which is one of the oldest cities in Russia.) 2. В XVI веке Испания была самой могущественной державой мира. (In
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the 16th century Spain was the most powerful country in the world.) 3. Волга длиннее Днепра; это самая длинная река Европы. (The Volga is longer than the Dnieper, which is the longest river in Europe.) 4. Ватикан – самое маленькое государство в Европе.
(The Vatican is the smallest country in Europe.) 5. Одной из важнейших проблем сего-
дняшнего дня является установление прочного и длительного мира. (The most important problem today is to establish stable and permanent peace.) 6. Можно надеяться,
что в ближайшем будущем культурные связи с Англией будут еще более тесными. (In the near future the cultural relationship with England will be much closer.) 7. Точка кипения (the boiling point) спирта ниже точки кипения воды. (The boiling point of spirit is lower than that of water.) 8. Платина тяжелее золота; это один из самых тяжелых металлов. (Platinum is heavier than gold; it is the heaviest metal in the world.)
9. Утро было прекрасное, но к вечеру погода стала хуже, ветер усилился, и темные тучи покрыли небо. (It was a beautiful morning; but the weather became worse in the evening and dark clouds covered the sky.)
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4.PRONOUNS
4.1Point out the pronouns in the following sentences and define the class each belongs to.
1.There's nothing (negative) for any of us (objective) to do. 2. Both (defining) these (demonstrative) people were resolved to treat Mr. Polly very well, and to help his (possessive) exceptional incompetence in every (defining) possible way. 3. Such (demonstrative) were the reflections of Felix before the brass tablet. 4. She (personal) hesitated a moment, and then sat down beside me (objective), and laid her (possessive) hand on mine (possessive). 5. None (negative) of us (objective) except Collingwood knew what the Prime Minister thought of Roger or his (possessive) policy. 6. There were some aviators in the compartment who (relative) did not think much of me (objective). 7. Husbands and wives never listen when they (personal) talk to each other (reciprocal), only when the other (defining) is talking to somebody (indefinite) else. 8. Let me (objective) tell you (objective) something (indefinite). 9. There was at least one person in the world who (interrogative) knew that he (personal) was alive and attached some importance to the fact. 10. We (personal) said good-bye to one another (reciprocal) and arranged to meet in the autumn.
4.2Use the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun.
1.She put out __ hand and I took out __ (her, hers; my, mine). 2. "Let me see your passports", I gave him __ and Catherine got __ out of __ handbag (my, mine; her, hers; her, hers). 3. Mind __ own business and I'll mind __ (your, yours; my, mine). 4. That, at least, is my opinion of him; and I see it is not very far removed from __ (your, yours). 5. __ was not a marriage that could last (their, theirs). 6. __ nerves are as bad as __ (your, yours; my, mine). 7. His eyes were as bright as __ (her, hers). 8. After all, this is __ home just as much as __ (your, yours; my, mine). 9. His own hand shook as he accepted a rose or two from __ and thanked her (her, hers).
4.3Point out the reflexive pronouns and define their function.
1.Much more than most politicians Gave knew himself (adverbial modifier of manner). 2. He did not doubt the logic, he realized suddenly; what he was doubting was himself (predicative). 3. Still, he must be thankful that she had been too young to do anything in that war itself (attribute). 4. Miss Adele Gerry opened the door herself (direct object). 5. They blamed themselves (direct object) for this unlucky marriage. 6. The theatre manager himself (attribute)... came to shake hands with them. 7. I have made myself (adverbial modifier of manner) perfectly pleasant here. 8. I want to be kept in constant touch with his progress myself (preceded by a preposition).
4.4Point out conjunctive, relative, and interrogative pronouns.
1."Who (interrogative) is that girl with yellow hair and dark eyes", he asked. 2. Who (interrogative) could tell what (interrogative) his son's circumstances really were? 3. What (interrogative) do you expect me to believe? 4. It was evident, indeed, that (conjunctive) she wished me to drop the subject, which (relative) I did accordingly. 5. Would she go with them or stay here and write to William. Which (interrogative), which (relative) should it be? 6. He mentioned things in the play which (conjunctive) she most approved of, things which (relative) swayed her deeply. 7. What (interrogative) hurt him most was the fact that (conjunctive) he was being pursued as a thief.
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4.5 Underline the pronouns and analyze them – type, function in the sentence.
1.It (personal – subject) follows that (conjunctive – a subordinate clause) this (demonstrative – subject) is not satisfactory way for preparing it.
2.The level density is roughly the same (demonstrative predicative) – in all (defining– attribute) the cases.
3.Now the impulse appeared, now it (personal – subject) disappeared.
4.It (personal – subject) reflects itself (reflexive – direct object) in many organizations.
5.The authors restricted themselves (reflexive – attribute) only to a description of the phenomenon.
6.It (personal – subject) is surprising that (conjunctive – a subordinate clause) such (demonstrative – attribute) a simple measure should give such (demonstrative – attribute) constant information.
7.The confidence was destroyed by the mistakes made by him (objective – adverbial modifier of manner).
8.This (demonstrative – subject) is exactly the subject of the paper.
4.6 Translate the word «it» in the following sentences.
1.It is no use to dispute the truth. – Бесполезно ставить под сомнение истину.
2.It was an underlying factor in their difference. – Это являлось обусловливающим фактором их различия.
3.It is a purely ethical system. – Это сугубо этическая система.
4.It is difficult to see in what respect the programs are different. – Сложно понять, чем отличаются программы.
5.It was stated the conclusion was right. – Было заявлено о правильности вывода.
6.It was quite right when he tried to prove his point. – Совершенно верно, что он попы-
тался доказать свою точку зрения.
7.It results that this postulate is universally accepted. – Это привело к тому, что данный постулат является общепринятым.
8.The supposition was correct. It was scientifically proved. – Предположение было вер-
ным и научно доказанным.
9.It was from the Portuguese that Europe first learned something about India. – Именно от португальцев Европа впервые хоть что-то узнала об Индии.
10.It concerns the conduct of human beings. – Это касается поведения людей.
4.7 Translate the following sentences.
1.Это его часы? Да, эти – мои. (Is this his watch? Yes, and this is mine). 2. Чьи это дети? – Наши. Они играют со своими друзьями. (Whose children are these? – Ours. They are playing with their friends). 3. Ты сделал это для меня? – Нет, для него. (Did you do for me? – No, I did it for him). 4. Это моя комната, а та – Бориса. Моя больше, чем его. (This is my room, and that one is Boris’s. Mine is larger than his). 5. Почитай, пожалуйста, эту информацию. Она поможет тебе. (Please, read this information. It may help you). 6. Ее родители очень приятные люди. Ты их знаешь? (Her parents are very pleasant people. Do you know them?). 7. Моя кошка любит играть со своим хвостом. (My cat likes playing with its tail). 8. Это ее фотография? Дай ее мне. (Is this her photo?
– Give it to me). 9. Где мои очки? Я не могу найти. (Where are my glasses? I can’t find them). 10. Познакомься с моими друзьями. Их зовут Лена и Алексей. (Let me intro-
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