3. Put the verbs into correct form and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. At present programmer (to develop) new applications.

2. The scientist (to make) his report from four till six two days ago.

3. What you (to do) at this time tomorrow? I (to measure) acids in the lab.

4. At the last lecture the professor (to speak) of the importance of automatic control for two hours.

5. This apparatus (feature) extraordinary stability.

6. The new device (test) before the chief engineer comes.

4. Define the tense - forms in the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian.

1. Science if the means by which the whole of our civilization is rapidly being transformed.

2. As had been theoretically predicted, high-energy alpha particles were registered.

3. From the mass of experimental data new conceptual problems have emerged.

4. This hypothesis lacked confirmation.

5. No satisfactory explanation of this observation has been offered.

6. Fifty years from now the wonders of the Cosmic Age will have unfolded before the eyes of mankind.

5. Chose the correct preposition of time, position, and direction. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. They had been working for \ at two years by the time the book was published.

2. By \ In the time you come they will have been living here for \ by twenty years.

3. In \On the history of scientific discovery an effect is commonly known before \ in its case.

4. At \ in this lesson we study the theory of relativity.

5. This time we travel to \ for Western Europe.

6. Chose the right modifier and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Some proofs are neither difficult nor interesting - merely a little \ more tiresome.

2. He loved mathematics so much \ many.

3. We have little \ many information on this subject.

4. Many \ Much work has been done in this field.

5. Many \ Much fundamental discoveries in this new science were made nearly twenty years ago.

6. This technique works well in the presence of much \ little noise.

Vocabulary tasks:

8. Answer the following questions to the text.

1. What set of rules did Euclid compile out?

2. What plan do most textbooks on geometry follow today?

3. How can we classify the variety of things?

4. What does the word solid mean?

5. Where do the lines intersect?

9. Are the following statements about the text true or false?

1. Geometry is a knowledge concerning the measurements of lines, angles, surfaces and solids.

2. In our everyday lives we are constantly coming into contact only with several things.

3. Solid is used opposed to liquid and gas.

4. The planes separate the solids from the surrounding space.

5. Lines bound surface intersected in lines.

10. Match the first part of the sentence (1 -6) with the second part (a-f).

1. Most textbooks on geometry follow the plan

2. We can classify things

3. Every thing takes up a certain amount

4. Each page of our books

5. Cuboid is

6. Lines can be straight

a of room or space.

b a regular solid.

c of Euclid's writings.

d is a solid.

e or curved.

f by weight.

11. Complete the sentences with words from the box.

matchbox - degrees - vertex - solid - straight - surface

1. The point at which the sides meet is called the … of the angle.

2. The number of … in a straight angle is 180°.

3. The reflex angle is greater than a … angle.

4. The dot is a geometrical … .

5. A leaf of a book can be considered as a … .

6. A … is regular in shape.

UNIT FIVE

TEXT

STARS AND GALAXIES

The techniques and ideas of physics to study the heavens is often called as astrophysics. At the base of present theory of the Universe (Einstein's general theory of relativity) - for in the large-scale structure of the Universe, gravity is the dominant force. General relativity serves also as the foundation for modern cosmology, which is the study of the Universe as a whole. Cosmology deals especially with the search for a theoretical framework to understand the observed Universe, its origin, and its future. The questions posed by cosmology are complex and difficult; the possible answers are often unimaginable. They are questions like "Has the Universe always existed, or did it have a beginning in time?”

According to the ancients, the stars, except for the few that seemed to move (the planets), were fixed on a sphere beyond the last planet. The Universe was nearly self-contained, and we on Earth were at or near its center. But in the centuries following Galileo's first telescopic observations of the heavens in 1610, our view of the Universe has changed dramatically. We no longer place ourselves at the center, and we view the Universe as vastly larger.

For specifying distances to the Sun and Moon, we usually use meters or kilometers, but we could specify them in terms of light. The Earth-Moon distance is 384,000 km, which is 1.28 light-seconds. The most distant planet in the solar system is Pluto. The nearest star to us, other than the Sun, is Proxima Centauri, about 4.3 ly away.

On a clear moonless night, thousands of stars of varying degrees of brightness can be seen, as well as the elongated cloudy stripe known as the Milky Way. It was Galileo who first observed, about 1610, that the Milky Way is comprised of countless individual stars. A century and a half later (about 1750), Thomas Wright suggested that the Milky Way was a flat disc of stars extending to great distances in a plane, which we call the Galaxy (Greek for "milky way").

We can see by telescope, in addition to stars both within and outside the Milky Way, many faint cloudy patches in the sky, which were all referred to once as "nebulae" (Latin for "clouds"). A few of these, such as those in the constellations Andromeda and Orion, can actually be discerned with the naked eye on a clear night.

Звезды и Галактики

Технические решения физиков для изучения неба часто называют астрофизикой. В основе современной теории Вселенной (общая теория относительности Эйнштейна) – для такого пространного объекта, как Вселенная, гравитация является основополагающей силой. Общая теория относительности служит также в качестве основы для современной космологии, которая занимается изучением Вселенной в целом. Космология занимается в основном поиском теоретической базы, чтобы понять наблюдаемую Вселенную, его происхождение и ее будущее. Вопросы, поставленные космологии являются сложными и трудными; возможные ответы зачастую невообразимы. Например, такие вопросы, как "Существовала ли Вселенная всегда, или это начало её существования?".

Согласно древним знаниям, звезды, кроме тех немногих, что, казалось, двигались (планеты), были зафиксированы на небесной сфере. Вселенная была почти автономна, а мы на Земле были в или вблизи её центра. Но через некоторое время первые наблюдения Галилея через телескоп в 1610 году резко изменили наш взгляд на Вселенную. Мы больше не ставим себя в центр, и мы знаем что Вселенная значительно больше.

Для указания расстояния до Солнца и Луны, мы обычно пользуемся метрами или километрами, но мы можем указать его с помощью света. От Земля до Луны расстояние 384000 км, что равно 1,28 световых секунд. Самая дальняя планета Солнечной системы - Плутон. Ближайшая к нам звезда, кроме Солнца - Проксима Центавра, до нее около 4,3 световых лет.

В ясную безлунную ночь, когда тысячи звезд различной степени яркости можно увидеть не вооруженным глазом, также видна протяженная облачная полоса, известная как Млечный Путь. Галилей впервые наблюдал в 1610 году, что Млечный Путь состоит из бесчисленных отдельных звезд. Полтора века спустя (около 1750 года), Томас Райт предположил, что Млечный Путь является плоским диском из звезд расположенных на больших расстояниях в плоскости, которую мы называем Галактикой (по-гречески "Млечный путь").

Мы видим с помощью телескопа, в дополнение к звездам за пределами Млечного Пути, много слабых светящихся облачных пятен в небе, которые принято называть "туманностями" (на латыни означает «облако»). Некоторые из них, например, в созвездиях Андромеды и Орион, на самом деле можно различить невооруженным глазом в ясную ночь.

Notes to the text:

1. heaven	небо
2. theory of relativity	теория относительности
3. distance	расстояние
4. unimaginable	невероятный
5. observation	наблюдение
6. to specify them in terms of the time	определить их с точки зрения времени
7. sun and moon	Солнце и Луна
8. moonless night	безлунная ночь
9. brightness	яркость
10. Milky Way	Млечный путь
11. countless individual stars	бесчисленное множество отдельных звезд
12. faint cloudy patches	прозрачные перья облаков
13. constellation	созвездия