Иностранный язык - 2 семестр / Методичка заочка

1. Molecular crystals are solids constructed of moleculars held together by relatively weak force.

2. A body moving with a certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.

3. While absorbing the energy of cosmic, rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive.

4. Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.

2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.

3. These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.

4. The chemists may use the reactor to analyze various substances for their composition.

4. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го но 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The University of Cambridge was founded in the twelfth century and before the beginning of the thirteenth it was almost a recognized centre of education. The University was formed on the model of European continental universities, in particular that of Paris. At first there were neither colleges nor professors in the modern sense of world. Lectures and oral examinations were conducted in Latin. There were no written examinations.

Until the fifteenth century the history of Cambridge was not as significant as that of Oxford. But by the end of the seventeenth century the University was the home of Sir Isaac Newton - professor pf mathematics from 1669 till 1702 whose intluence was deep and permanent. At that time serious tests were offered to the candidates for degrees. During the early part of the nineteenth century examinations were greatly improved and written examinations were more often used than oral.

At the same time there were built a number of laboratories for the natural sciences, among them the Cavendish Laboratory. The Cavendish Laboratory organized by the well-known Scottish mathematician and physicist Maxwell was opened in 1671. It was named after the English scientist of the 18"' century Sir Henry Cavendish. Now it is one of the greatest physical laboratories known throughout the world.

4. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

Was Isaac Newton the founder of Cambridge University?

What University was taken as a model for the University of Cambridge:?

Who was the founder of the Cavendish Laboratory?

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом

из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовремениую форму и

залог. Переведите па русский язык. В разделе (Ь) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a) I. The reactor is last becoming a major source of heat and electricity.

2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.

b) 1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.

2. The launching of Sputnik I was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.

The formula E-mc deduced by Einstein is perhaps the most well-known equation in the world.

Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.

Plastics articles are often difficult to repair if broken.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом и? них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Laser light can be used to transmit, power o( various types.

The application of digital (цифровой) computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.

These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures lhan metals.

Ethylene gas may be obtained by cracking petroleum.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 ой и 3-й абзацы.

OXFORD UNIVERSITY

There are about 50 universities in Britain nowadays and three of them -Oxford, Cambridge and London are unique universities with several-hundred-old history. The first reference to Oxford as a town was made in 912. It's difficult to be certain why the first University was established at Oxford and not elsewhere. Perhaps a variety of factors were important here. The place was far from the center, the land was cheap and readily available and it was far from the political life of the country. The first reference to the University appears in the 12.' century and the University was well-known in Europe. First there were only about 60 chapels and a student was living and studying in one of these chapels learning theology, logic and rhetoric. Oxford University of today is a federation of 48 colleges, each largely independent. The word "college" was originally associated with a boarding house for students to lodge. Now some of die British colleges are essentially only teaching institutions while others are residential and teaching institutions at the same time.

The governing body of Oxford University is trie Congregation of 1500 men - the assembly of all the members of the colleges. The Congregation chooses the Council of 24 people. The colleges admit students, organize programs, students' work and residence, laboratories, libraries and term examinations, while the University is in charge of organizing final examinations and confers degrees. Forty colleges of 48 admit only men.

3. A person studying for degree at a British university is called an undergraduate; one who has taken a degree is called a graduate. B.A. or B.Sc. stands for Bachelor of Arts, or of Science, the first degree given after a period of 3 - 4 years of specialized study at a University. M.A. or M.Sc. denotes Master of Arts or of Science, a higher degree, usually conferred after a year's post­ graduate study. Social changes have certainly transformed Oxford considerably. Some of the traditions have gone in the past. However, in spite of all these changes Oxford has not lost its distinctive character.

V. Прочитайте внимательно текст. Скажите, какие традиции Оксфордского университета дошли до наших дней.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №3

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание №3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) видовременных форм Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect.

2. Функции глаголов to be, to have. Используйте образцы выполнения упражнения.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. I)

Present Indefinite Passive
The new cosmic achievements are much spoken about.	О новых достижениях в космосе много говорят.

Present Continuous Passive
Beautiful houses of concrete and glass are being built in our district.	Красивые дома из бетона и стекла строят сейчас в нашем районе

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР. II)

The development of foreign trade is of great economic significance for our country. You were to attend all lectures and seminars. Huge concrete panels are being used in construction of new projects. Не is a good engineer.

Развитие внешней торговли имеет большое экономическое значение для нашей страны. Вы должны были посещать все лекции и семинарские занятия. Огромные бетонные панели используются при строительстве новых объектов. Он хороший инженер.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 3 (К УПР. III)

We have a large library at our Institute. He has never been in Great Britain. Extra-mural students have to combine study and work.

В нашем институте есть большая библиотека. Он никогда не был в Великобритан ми. Студенты-заочники должны сочетать учебу с работой.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The Houses of Parliament arc situated in Westminster.

2. The report was followed by a discussion.

3. Considerable progress has been made in town planning.

4. Scientists will be met at the station.

5. J want to know what new books are being published now.

6. She decided to become a writer only when her first story had been published.

7. Professor was being listened to with great attention.

8. The architects were asked to reconstruct the town centre.

9. The experiment will have been completed tomorrow by 3 o'clock.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола to.be.

1. My friend is a very good student.

2. You are to attend all lectures and seminars.

3. A new power station is being built in this town, it is to be ready by the next year.

4. This building was turned into an exhibition hall.

5. He will be an engineer in five years.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола to have.

1. They had to present the results of their work yesterday.

2. The street has been widened.

3. We shall have to translate this text without a dictionary. His parents have a comfortable flat.

4. These students will have four examinations.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

OUR INSTITUTE

1. The Construction Institute is in Zelenaya Street. Its building is a multistorey house of modern construction. Entering the Institute you find yourself in a large entrance-hall, full of students, reading wall-newspapers, walking about or talking. We also see groups of students gathered at the timetable and at the notice-board. On the ground floor of the Institute you see the students' dining-hall and the cloak-room. Going up to the first floor you find a long corridor, leading to various chair-rooms, richly equipped laboratories and some lecture halls. The assembly hall is at the end of the corridor. Here you also see the gym-hall, the reading-hall and the library. Most of the lecture halls and class-rooms are on the second floor. The drawing-r'oom is also there. It is always full of students drawing or working at their projects.

2. Our Institute has three departments: the day department, the evening department, the extra-mural department. The dean's offices of these departments are one of the second floor too. There are five faculties in our Institute: the Construction faculty, the Technological faculty, the faculty of Engineering Systems and Structures, the Architectural faculty and Highway construction faculty. The chairs are staffed with experienced teachers and research workers. The students and post-graduates are provided with state stipend (grant scholarship) and hostel accommodations.

3. The academic year is divided into two terms: the first and the second term. The examinations are taken at the end of each term in the subjects studied during the term. After the examinations the students have winter or summer vacations. Our Institute trains specialists in civil engineering. All our students have one aim - to become qualified construction engineers.

V. Прочтите 3-й абзац' текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

When do students have vacations?

1. ... at the end of the year.

2. ... after examinations.

3. ... at the end of the first term.

ВАРИАНТ2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог- глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The house will be built in three months.

3. The car had been damaged in a road accident.

4. When I came the problem was being discussed.

5. The latest instruments were used during this unique operation.

6. All the work will be done by automatic machinery.

7. The lectures on mathematics are attended by all students.

8. He has been offered a very interesting job at that institute.

9. The plans will have been changed tomorrow by 5 o'clock.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их па русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола to be.

1. This factory will be equipped with new powerful machinery.

2. They are to go to the Far East on business.

3. He will be free tomorrow.

4. We were invited to take part in the work of scientific conference.

5. A new research is being carried out successfully.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола to have.

1. If you want to know English you have to work hard.

2. Many new branches of industry have been developed.

3. They had two lectures yesterday.

4. Our engineers will have to solve many complicated problems in constructions.

5. He has never travelled by air.

IV- Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Fire-stop layer - огнеупорный пол

2. Regular flooring - чистый пол

3. Rough frooring- фубый пол

4. Convertible planning - свободная планировка

5. In the best possible way - наилучшим образом

CONSTRUCTION WORK

1. Almost everyone watched the process of building a house with great interest. First the foundation trench is made and foundation walls are constructed

below ground level. Then the framework is raised and clothed with various finishing materials.

2. Walls are constructed to enclose areas and to support the weight of doors and roofs. Exterior walls are usually constructed of brick, stone, hollow tile, concrete blocks, etc. To build a brick house bricklayers lay down courses of bricks and bond them together with mortar. Walls are covered with wall-paper, whitewashed or only plastered. To make windows and doors a lintel is usually inserted in the wall above the openings. The sashes are placed in position only later and so are the window panes.

3. Floors divide the building into storeys. Storeys are separated by several successive layers: the fire-stop, joists and rough flooring. The regular flooring is placed upon the rough floor and supported by stringers and girders. Stairs are provided for access to and descent from the upper storeys of a building.

4. Partitions are made to divide the floor space into rooms. In modern housebilding the progressive principle of free convertible planning is used to satisfy the needs of the population in the best possible way. This means that rooms are not divided by fixed walls and the tenants change the size of the rooms by means of movable partitions, adjusting diem to the needs of the family. The whole structure is crowned by the roof.

V. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

What are partitions made for?

1. ... to divide the building into storeys.

2. ... for access to and descent from the upper storeys of a building.

3. ... to divide the floor space into rooms.

ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Experimental buildings were erected in St. Petersburg.

2. Experiments are made in laboratories.

3. The construction of the road was being completed when the commission arrived.

4. He was sent for.

5. The lectures were followed by experimental work.

6. Now a new railway is being built between the two cities.

7. She is often helped by her brother.

8. The work had been done by the evening yesterday.

9. Л new school will have been built near our house by the end of the year.

И. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола to be.

1. 1. V. Kurchatov was a well-known physicist and statesman.

2. A team of experts is to study the present situation in the country.

3. They were to meet at the station.

4. The telegram will be sent tomorrow.

5. The child is being looked for everywhere.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола to have.

1. The teacher will have to explain this difficulty.

2. The flats have all modem conveniences.

3. Christopher Wren was an architect who had built many buildings.

4. He has entered the institute this year.,

5. They had no experience in this field.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Nursery school - детский сад.

2. Primary school - начальная школа.

3. Infant school - детская школа для детей до 7 лет.

4. Free of charge - бесплатно.

5. Degree of Bachelor - степень бакалавра (младшая ученая степень).

EDUCATION IN ENGLAND

1. The system of education in England differs from ours, though they have primary, secondary and higher education. There are nursery schools for children between the ages of 1 and 5, primary schools both for girls and boys, but there are many separate schools.

2. All children who are 11 years old pass an examination on the same day and at the same time in all districts of England. It helps to decide which kind of studies is most appropriate for each pupil. Pupils passing this exam usually go to secondary grammar schools, while the others continue their education in secondary modern schools. Pupils going to secondary modern schools, where they continue their education free of charge, then enter higher schools. It is must be easier for them. The pupils of secondary modern schools then enter different colleges.

3. The graduates of the colleges getting a diploma but wishing to get a degree enter a university and pass the necessary exams.

4. There are many universities in England receiving aid from the state, mainly in the form of grants (scholarships). But higher education in lingland is not free of charge. The University course lasts over three and sometimes 4 years, depending on the speciality, in medicine 5 or 6'¹ years, for instance. On the completion of such a course you get the first degree of Bachelor. Further study and research give you the degree of Master or a Doctor,

V. Прочтите 4-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

How many years does the University course last?

1. ... three years.

2. ... over three and sometimes 4 years.

3. ... 5 or 6 years.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4

Чтобы правильно выполнить задание №4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

2. Причастия (Participle I, II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.

3. Условные предложения.

Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1 (К УПР. I)

1. Many people are known to have taken part in elections. 2. We wgflt the new car to be produced by February. The device to be bought must be checked beforehand.

1. Известно, много людей приняли участие в выборах. 2. Мы хотим, чтобы новый автомобиль был выпущен к февралю. 3. Прибор, который нужно купить, следует предварительно проверить.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2 (К УПР. II)

1. Countries wishing to cooperate with us will always find the necessary understanding. 2. Having visited Moscow the participants of the conference went to Tashkent. 3. New technological processes having been developed, new types of equipment have been installed in the shop.

Страны, желающие сотрудничать с нами, всегда найдут должное-внимание. Посетив Москву, участники конференции поехали в Ташкент. Когда были разработаны новые технологические процессы, в цехе было установлено новое оборудование.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 3 (К УПР. III)

If the installation is put into operation in time, the economic effect will be greater. If the system had been perfected, we should have applied it for new calculations. It would be impossible to build spaceships without using new materials and alloys.

Если установка будет лущена вовремя, экономический эффект возрастет. Если бы система была усовершенствована, мы бы применили ее для новых расчетов. Было бы невозможно построить космические корабли без применения новых материалов и сплавов.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. We know Czechoslovakia to be the second socialist country to begin using atomic energy for industrial purposes. '

2. For a long time, special paper impregnated with paraffin was considered to be the main non-conductor used for manufacturing small condensers.

3. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having done a number of calculations our astronomers have shown that the basic mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.

2. A simple laboratory experiment demonstrating this principle is shown in Fig.29.

3. Ordinary light entering a crystal of tourmaline, the phenomenon of "selective absorption" takes place.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for growing plants in space conditions will be solved.

2. If the computer's electronic memory had recorded all the operator's commands, the picture of deviations from the required parameters would have been produced.

3. It would be impossible to protect metal from corrosion without the films.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и переведите. 1, 2,3,4-й абзацы.

INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING METHODS

1.Industrialized buildings means a high degree of prefabrication applied to domestic or other construction so as to reduce site work to a minimum. This involves careful planning, end a maximum of standardization The quantity of factory work on the building components is highly increased so as to reduce the cost and improve the quality and speed of construction.

2. Large-panel construction is one of industrialized building methods which was first applied in our country. It consists of using reinforced concrete panels one or two storeys high, sometimes made of light-weight insulating concrete.

3. For large-panel timber walls which have been prefabricated for many years both in Hurope and America, the term is not used.

V. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is meant by "industrialized building"?

2. What does this method involve?

3. How can the cost of construction be reduced?

4.. Where was large-panels construction applied first?

5. What does the method of large-panel construction consist of?

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. A number of Soviet scientists believe the Tunguska explosion to be caused by a meteorite.

2. Samples of semiconductors with improved properties are reported to be obtained on a new installation

3. Scientific discoveries to be practically applied in industry and agriculture are paid special attention to.

П. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельном)) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. The atomic power plant in Czechoslovakia starting to produce electricity in 1978 began industrial using of atomic energy.

2. Light and food industries have been modernized, much being done to expand the production of consumer goods.

3. An experiment demonstrating the existence of an ultraviolet and infrared spectrum must be performed.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers the freezing point.

2. If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have occurred at a temperature of 1000K.

3. It would be impossible to determine the properties of these materials without intensive studies in our research laboratory.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3-й абзацы.

SOME FACTS ABOUT BUILDINGS

1. The buildings erected nowadays can be divided into two general classes: buildings for housing and industrial buildings. As far as material is concerned buildings can be divided into brick, wood, concrete and steel buildings. Brick is an artificial building material made of clay which is then burnt for hardening. Natural stone is used for footing and foundations for external walls carrying the load. Buildings made of stone are durable and fire-resisting.

2. The floors divide a building into stories. They may be either of timber or, in brick buildings, of reinforced concrete details of big and small size. The coverings or upper parts of buildings meant to keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to weather are called roofs. They tie the walls and give the construction strength and firmness.

3. Every building must have a beautiful appearance. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple with nothing superfluous. Every building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating systems. The water supply and sewerage systems are called plumbing.

4. Careful consideration must be given to the amount of money which is going to be spent in building the house. An estimate depending upon the design of the building must be calculated which work on the building can be started.

V. Прочтите 3-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What should every building be provided with?

ВАРИАНТ 3

Г. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык

следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный

инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1. The Sun and stars are proved to be able to produce great quantities of energy by means of certain nuclear reactions.

2. For the experiment we need several electrical devices to be connected in series.

1. Lasers are known to have found application in medicine.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth each day make it possible to calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.

2. Л new automobile plant being built, we increased the output of cars and buses.

2. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory became of great importance for the national economy.

Ill, Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If the gathered data has been presented in time, the results of the experiments would have been different.

2. If you had answered six questions in the competition, you would have won the first prize.

3. It would be impossible to carry on a careful study of the process without the new device.

IV. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2,3-й абзацы.

HOTEL BUILDING

I. The growth of international tourism and business has stimulated a boom in hotel building in many countries.

2. The construction of in situ concrete external columns and precast floors and balcony units enable the constructors to complete the 38-storeyed Congress Hotel in Augsburg, Germany, in only nine months. The hotel occupies 17 floors above ground level, 15 floors contain flats and two top floors contain restaurant and a viewing platform.

3. In each of the four-day working cycles in situ concrete external columns for one floor were cast with their facings of precast units acting as permanent formwork. The floor slabs were also placed in position, the joints grouted and the balcony slabs fixed with welded connections and in situ concrete joints.

4. A new hotel in Honolulu shows the high rise solution in building a 550 room project. The Тага Hotel built for Irish International Airlines was built in 27 months which was its total period.

V. Ответьте на следующий вопрос:

1. How long did the construction of a 38-storeyed hotel in August last?

Рекомендуемая литература

1. Голицынский Ю. Грамматика. Сборник упражнений, 2005.

2. Мусихина О.Н., Гисина О.Г., Яськова В.А. Английский для строителей, Ростов-на-Дону Феникс, 2004.