3.First of all, … … to some ecological problem must be changed.
4.If nobody supports the Earth and … … … , we’ll face more serious results than have ever had before.
5.A great number of cars and industrial enterprises … air and water pollution.
6.A lot of rivers as well as some big lakes … … … industrial wastes and agricultural chemicals.
7.The president and the government must realize the … … and make special laws to protect the environment.
8.If nothing is done, and no … … are made, there will be a lot of dead forests, rivers and oceans … … … … .
15.6.Match the beginnings and ends of the following sentences.
1. Ecology is a science which … |
a) we have to admit the increase of |
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industries. |
2.The problems of water and air pollution …
3.The more civilization is developing …
4.Speaking about the growth of population, …
5.The seas, oceans and rivers …
6.Our planet is facing …
7.If we realize the coming danger
…
8.It is necessary …
b)the increasing hole in the atmospheric ozone layer.
c)is concerned with the interrelations organisms and their environment.
d)we will see that we should find solutions to all the problems to survive.
e)are becoming seriously polluted.
f)have become the most important.
g)to take global measures to change the situation for the better.
h)the greater the ecological problems are becoming.
9. The government should take some global measures and ….
i) organize people to help the environment.
15.7.Choose the correct answer to the following questions.
1.What problems have become the most important ones for the last few years?
a)They are the problems of water and air pollution.
b)They are the problems of decreasing industries.
2.What aspect causes considerable pollution of the air?
a)It is the growth of population.
b)It is the increasing number of cars.
3.What measures are necessary to achieve some progress in environment protection?
a)They are armed conflicts and local wars.
b)They are joint efforts of people throughout the world.
4.What theory are the scientists in industrially developed countries working on?
a)They are working on the theory of interaction of all the atmospheric and oceanic global processes that determine the climate of the world.
b)They are working on the theory of taking global measures to change the ecological situation for the better.
5.Why are global climate and water balance changing?
a)They are changing because of increasing growth of population and industrialization.
b)They are changing because of changing people’s attitude towards the environment.
15.8.Write the correct question for the following sentences, as in the model.
Model: – It is necessary to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources. (What program)
–What program is it necessary to develop?
1.We should save more water and try to use solar and tidal energy. (What)
2.They are armed conflicts and local wars that influence the critical ecological situation on the planet. (What events)
3.Scientists are developing a new concept because it is necessary to predict some changes in the environment more accurately. (Why)
4.The pollution of air by car exhausts is one of the most serious problems that our planet is facing. (What)
5.An increasing growth of population and industrialization may bring some serious changes to the environment. (What)
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The Structure of Simple Sentence |
Table 15.1 |
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attributes |
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(a part of sentence members) |
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“zero” place |
1st place |
2nd place |
3rd place |
4th place |
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(optional) |
subject |
predicate |
object |
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adverbial modifiers
Over this period, personal computers have already become a common feature of our life.
Table 15.2
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The functions of nouns in sentences |
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Member |
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Example |
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of sentence |
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Subject |
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This account is good. |
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Part of predicate |
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He is an accountant. |
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She wrote an account. |
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Object |
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She wrote him an account. |
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She wrote her boss an account of the changes. |
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Adverbial modifier |
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All changes are shown in the account. |
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Attribute |
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Account data are of great importance. |
(see Table 15.3) |
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15.9.Point out the function of nouns in the following sentences.
1.Einstein’s first paper on the relativity theory came out in 1905.
2.English is of great importance for any scientist.
3.We are observing some changes in the process.
4.They have made an attempt to explain the nature of this mechanism.
5.The experiment results will be included in my new article.
6.The appearance of the new material was a fundamental discovery.
7.They advanced another interpretation of this effect some time ago.
8.This problem has been systematically studied for about ten years.
9.Computers have found a wide application in science and technology.
10.The development of the relativity theory ran parallel to important experimental observations.
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Attribute group |
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Table 15.3 |
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noun + noun: |
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state emblem |
wage rise |
price control |
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Note: |
a simulation technique |
measurement parameters |
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regulation speed BUT: regulation of speed |
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noun |
+ |
participle I |
+ |
noun: |
the rock-feeding system |
noun |
+ |
participle II |
+ |
noun: |
a water-cooled conveyer |
noun |
+ |
gerund |
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+ |
noun: |
the job scheduling problem |
noun |
+ |
adjective |
+ |
noun: |
Newton’s important works |
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an oxygen free gas |
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adjective + |
noun |
+ |
noun: |
The important measurement |
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parameters are presented in |
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Table 1. |
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Different forms: |
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adjective |
noun |
participle II |
noun |
gerund |
noun |
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a natural |
language |
oriented |
question |
answering |
system |
15.10.Translate the following expressions.
1.multimedia computer
2.central processing unit
3.city water-supply system
4.data processing systems
5.solid-state device
6.a computer-literate citizen
7.an everyday problem-solving device
8.an information-dependent society
9.step-by-step operations
10.data storage hierarchy
Table 15.4
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Attributes in preposition |
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Part of speech |
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Example |
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Adjective |
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His greatest pleasure is reading. |
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Pronoun |
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His answer surprised me. |
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Number |
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The first meeting was not successful. |
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Participle I |
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I saw the working people in the lab. |
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Participle II |
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I bought an illustrated edition of the book. |
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Noun in possessive |
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The professor’s opinion influenced my choice. |
case |
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Noun in common case |
Export oil is sold very cheaply. |
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Group of words |
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British-made computers are widely known. |
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Table 15.5 |
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Attributes in postposition |
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Part of speech |
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Example |
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Participle I |
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The man standing near the open window is our dean. |
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Participle II |
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The figures mentioned in his report were published in |
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the latest newspaper. |
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Noun |
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Albert Einstein, the founder of the theory of relativity, |
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in apposition |
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was born in 1879. |
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She got a permission to leave. |
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Infinitive |
He was the first to do the test. |
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He made the list of books to be read. |
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Infinitive |
The first thing for them to do was to finish work in |
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construction |
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time. |
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with for |
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Gerund |
His manner of speaking made him a very popular orator. |
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Subordinate |
The book that I am reading is very interesting. |
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clause |
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15.11.Point out the attribute in the following sentences.
1.He bought some illustrated magazines.
2.The teacher corrected the students’ mistakes.
3.Shakespeare, the famous English poet, was born in 1564.
4.The data presented are derived from more sophisticated approaches.
5.Einstein’s ideas made a great impression on his contemporaries.
6.His way of treating most complicated problems is always intelligible.
7.Semiconductors possess valuable properties.
8.The first section will contain tables and diagrams.
9.These two curves will necessarily overlap.
10.I have visited the laboratory at which this research was done.
11.A digital computer is a machine capable of performing operations on data represented in digital or number form.
12.In most electronic digital computers the method of number representation is based on the system of binary notation.
15.12.Read the text “If I Were the Leader of My Country...” and answer the following questions.
1.Why can Nancy hardly breathe when she is riding her bike?
2.What does acid rain kill?
3.What would happen if public transport was better?
4.What will happen if the hunters continue to kill endangered species?
5.What happens when trees disappear?
6.What do trees produce? Why is it important to us?
IF I WERE THE LEADER OF MY COUNTRY...
A lot of people in the world are worried about coming danger the Earth is facing. They try to find the solutions of problems and help the planet survive.
James: ‘If I were the leader of my country, I wouldn’t allow hunters to kill endangered species. Do you know that animals such as tigers and rhinos have been hunted so much that there will none be left soon? I think, we need to teach hunters that it’s wrong to kill these animals. I would also create special parks where these animals could live safely’.
Nancy: ‘If I were the leader of my country, I would ban cars because they cause too much air pollution. I hate it when I am riding my bike in the street and I can hardly breathe because of traffic fumes. It makes me feel really ill. Air pollution causes acid rains, too, which kills trees and plants. I would also improve public transport. People wouldn’t need to use their cars so much then. I think people should walk more often or use a bicycle, like me! If they did, our cities would be healthier places to live in’.
Richard: ‘If I were the leader of my country, I would stop logging companies from destroying the rainforests. It’s terrible the way that animals and rare plants die when the trees disappear. Don’t these companies know that they are destroying trees and wildlife? They could destroy us all! Trees produce oxygen, which is one of the most basic needs. One answer to the problem is to make the logging companies plant new trees. If they did that, it could save the rainforests and give all of us cleaner air to breathe’.
15.13. Match the words in columns A and B to make the expressions.
A |
B |
1. basic |
a) cars |
2. rare |
b) pollution |
3. ban |
c) fumes |
4. acid |
d) rain |
5. logging |
e) transport |
6. live |
f) companies |
7. plant |
g) plants |
8. air |
h) trees |
9. cleaner |
i) air |
10. endangered |
j) species |
11. public |
k) needs |
12. traffic |
l) safely |
13. destroy |
m) rainforests |
14. feel |
n) ill |
15. produce |
o) oxygen |
15.14. Write sentences using the expressions from exercise 15.13.
15.15.Read the suggestions and match them to the results, then write sentences, as in the model.
1. put bins on every street corner |
a) people have more oxygen |
2. have more trees and green areas |
b) not be so much rubbish |
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everywhere |
3. improve public transport |
c) people not drop litter in streets |
4. people use bicycles |
d) people leave cars at home |
5. people recycle things |
e) children be able to play safely |
6. create more parks |
f) cities be less polluted |
Model: – If we put rubbish bins on every street corner, people wouldn’t drop litter in the streets.
15.16. Read the text and choose the best title.
1.Nothing has Lost yet.
2.A Lot of Problems and no Ways out.
3.What shall We Do for the Environment?
Every hour two or three kinds of animals, plants or insects die out for ever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct in twenty years’ time from now.
The seas are also in danger. They are being filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sewage. The Mediterranean is already dead; the North Sea is following. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas.
The tropical rainforests which are the home of half the Earth’s living things (including many rare animals and plants) are being destroyed. If nothing is done about it, they will disappear in twenty years’ time. The effect on the world’s climate and on our agriculture, wood, food suppliers and medicine will be disastrous.
Fortunately, somebody is trying to do something about it. In 1961, the World Wildlife Fund was founded – a small group of people who wanted to raise money to save animals and plants from extinction now called the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF). WWF is a large international organization working to stop the destruction of the Earth’s natural resources. It has raised over 400 million dollars for conservation projects over the last ten years and has created or given support to national parks in five continents. It has helped to a lot of mammals and birds to survive. Perhaps this is not much but it’s just a start. If more people give more money and if more
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governments wake up to what is happening, perhaps Worldwide Fund for Nature will be able to keep us to avoid the disaster of the natural world and all of us with it.
15.17.Read the text again and answer the following questions.
1.What is your reaction to the information?
a)You have already known.
b)You are surprised and shocked.
c)You don’t believe it.
d)You are not very interested.
2.Which of these sources of poison are not mentioned in the text?
a)factories
b)lavatories
c)atomic power stations
d)oil tankers
e)farms
3.Do you know any places where rainforests are being destroyed?
4.Do you know why the world climate will be affected?
5.Where does the WWF get its money from?
15.18.Match the words in columns A and B to make the expressions.
A |
B |
1. die |
a) danger |
2. in |
b) rainforests |
3. nuclear |
c) money |
4. tropical |
d) projects |
5. to raise |
e) fertilizers |
6. international |
f) out |
7. conservation |
g) parks |
8. national |
h) organization |
9. natural |
i) resources |
10. chemical |
j) waste |
11. to avoid |
k) the disaster |
12. to disappear |
l) for ever |
13. to be interested |
m) in the result |
15.19.Complete the following sentences with the expressions from exercise 15.18.
1.The seas and oceans are … .
2.The rivers and seas are being filled with … .
3.The destruction of the Earth’s … is one of the most important ecological problems of the world.
4.The World Wildlife Fund is trying … to save animals and plants from extinction.
5.Every hour two or three kinds of animals, plants or insects … for ever.
6.The home of half of the Earth’s living things, … , are being destroyed.
7.The Worldwide Fund for Nature is a large … working to stop the disaster on the planet.
8.The Worldwide Fund for Nature has raised over 400 million dollars for
…over the last ten years.
9.A lot of people take part in creating and supporting … in five continents.
10.Pesticides, sewage and … fill rivers, seas and oceans with poison.
15.20.Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition from the box.
of |
to |
in |
with |
for |
about |
on |
from |
1.Ecology is a science which is concerned … the interrelations … organisms and their environment.
2.A lot … animals, plants and insects … the world die out … ever.
3.The Earth is being constantly damaged … different ways.
4.We need some joint efforts … many special public organizations that can deal … the problem … pollution.
5.What should we do to change the situation … the better?
6.If nothing is done … the destroying … the tropical rain forests, they will have nearly disappeared … twenty years’ time.
7.A small group … people founded the World Wildlife Fund … 1961 to save animals and plants … extinction.
8.… present, scientists … industrially developed countries are working
…the problem … air pollution.
