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«Технология производства и переработки сельскохозяйственной продукции»
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Экономика страны изучаемого языка:
Прочитайте текст и выполните следующие за ним задания. There are some forms of business organizations in the USA. An individual business is owned by one person.A general partnership has got at least one general owner (владелец) and one or more other owners. They have only a limited investment and a limited liability.A corporation is owned by persons called stockholders (акционеры) . The stockholders usually have certificates showing the number of shares, which they own. The stockholders elect a director or directors to operate the corporation. Most corporations are closed corporations, which only a few stockholders who buy and sell their shares at will.Usually they have little interest in management of the corporations.Alien corporations are corporations of foreign countries. All the corporations are to receive their charters (уставы) from the state authorities. The charters states all the powers of the corporation. Many corporations try to receive their charters from the authorities of the State Delaware, though they operate in other states. b) послетекстовые упражнения
1. Выберите наиболее удачный заголовок текста. a)The English banks b)The Global money market
Менеджмент в агропромышленном комплексе:
Farm management deals with the organisation & operation of a farm with the objective of maximizing profits from the farm business on a continuing basis. The farmer needs to adjust his farm organisation from year to year to keep abreast of changes in methods, price variability & resources available to him. Thus farm management is the science which deals with the analysis of the farming resources, alternatives, choices & opportunities within the framework of resource restrictions & social & personal constraints of farming business. This complex informationis integrated and synthesized to increase profitibility of the farming business, the ultimate aim being to raise the standard of living of the farming people. This does not mean that farm management deals exclusively with the maximization of income; in fact, it takes into account the goals and objectives of the individual farmer, other than income maximization. Thus this discipline deals with people or organisers and decision-makers in respect of farms and agricultural production. it is people-oriented rather than crops or livestock per se.
1. What is the main objective of farm management? 2. Выберите наиболее удачный заголовок текста. a)The English banks b)The Global money market c)Commodity Exchange d)The Discount Houses and the Money Market
«Бух. учет, анализ и аудит» Бухгалтерский учет в сельском хозяйстве In the United States, chickens were raised primarily on family farms until about 1960. Originally, the primary value in poultry keeping was eggs, and meat was considered a byproduct of egg production. Its supply was less than the demand, and poultry was expensive. Except in hot weather, eggs can be shipped and stored without refrigeration for some time before going bad; this was important in the days before widespread refrigeration. By the late 1950s, poultry production had changed dramatically. Large farms and packing plants could grow birds by the tens of thousands. Chickens could be sent to slaughterhouses for butchering and processing into prepackaged commercial products to be frozen or shipped fresh to markets or wholesalers. Meat-type chickens currently grow to market weight in six to seven weeks whereas only fifty years ago it took three times as long. This is due to genetic selection and nutritional modifications (and not the use of growth hormones, which are illegal for use in poultry in the US and many other countries). Once a meat consumed only occasionally, the common availability and lower cost has made chicken a common meat product within developed nations. Growing concerns over the cholesterol content of red meat in the 1980s and 1990s further resulted in increased consumption of chicken.
1. Why was chicken meat considered a byproduct a century ago?
Основные банковские операции:
The English commercial banks have branches in all the major towns. The owners are the shareholders. At the beginning they provide the necessary capital. They are all organized on the joint stock (акционерный капитал) principle and are registered public companies. The Chairman and Board of Directors are elected by the ordinary shareholders at the Annual General Meeting and are responsible for the efficient management of the bank. The Board is concerned with the overall policy of the bank and the major decisions which put that policy into effect. The Board will appoint a Managing Director who is directly responsible to them and a member of the Board. They will also appoint the most senior executives (распорядитель) who appoint the rest of the clerical staff they will be responsible for the day-to- day running of the bank. The essence of bank's activity is the collection of deposits through current accounts and deposit accounts and the use of these funds to provide loans or funds for investment. At the end of each business year the Directors recommend and the Annual General Meeting decides how much of the profit should be distributed to the shareholders as dividend, and how much should be retained (удерживаться) in the business.
«Зоотехния» Птицеводство в агропромышленном комплексе:
Poultry farming is the practice of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, as a subcategory of animal husbandry, for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food.More than 50 billion chickens are raised annually as a source of food, for both their meat and their eggs. Chickens raised for meat are called broilers, whilst those raised for eggs are called laying hens.In total, the UK alone consumes over 29 million eggs per day. Some hens can produce over 300 eggs a year. Chickens will naturally live for 6 or more years. After 12 months, the hen’s productivity will start to decline. This is when most commercial laying hens are slaughtered. The majority of poultry are raised using intensive farming techniques. According to the Worldwatch Institute, 74 percent of the world's poultry meat, and 68 percent of eggs are produced this way. One alternative to intensive poultry farming is free range farming. Friction between these two main methods has led to long term issues of ethical consumerism. Opponents of intensive farming argue that it harms the environment and creates health risks, as well as abusing the animals themselves. Advocates of intensive farming say that their highly efficient systems save land and food resources due to increased productivity, stating that the animals are looked after in state-of-the-art environmentally controlled facilities. A few countries have banned cage system housing, including Sweden and Switzerland. Consumers can still purchase lower cost eggs from other countries' intensive poultry farms. выполнение послетекстовых упражнений. Ответьте на вопросы: 1.What is this text about? 2. Why was cage farming prohibited?
Заготовка и хранение кормов в животноводстве:
Different cattle feeding production systems have separate advantages and disadvantages. Most cows have a diet that is composed of at least some forage (grass, legumes, or silage). In fact most beef cattle are raised on pasture from birth in the spring until autumn (7 to 9 months). Then for pasture-fed animals, grass is the forage that composes all or at least the great majority of their diet. Cattle fattened in feedlots are fed small amounts of hay or straw supplemented with grain, soy and other ingredients in order to increase the energy density of the diet. The debate is whether cattle should be raised on diets primarily composed of pasture (grass) or a concentrated diet of grain, soy, corn and other supplements. The issue is often complicated by the political interests and confusion between labels such as "free range", "organic", or "natural". Cattle raised on a primarily forage diet are termed grass-fed or pasture-raised; for example meat or milk may be called grass-fed beef or pasture-raised dairy. However, the term "pasture-raised" can lead to confusion with the term "free range", which does not describe exactly what the animals eat.
What is a forage diet? What forage is used in Khakassia?
«государственное и муниципальное управление»
Public administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work. As a "field of inquiry with a diverse scope" its "fundamental goal... is to advance management and policies so that government can function."Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are: "the management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies." Public administration is centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct. Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal budget directors, HR administrators, city managers, Census managers, state directors, and cabinet secretaries. Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government.In the US, civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted American civil service reform in the 1880s, moving public administration into academia. However, "until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologist Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy" there was not "much interest in a theory of public administration." The field is multidisciplinary in character; one of the various proposals for public administration's sub-fields sets out five pillars, including human resources, organizational theory, policy analysis and statistics, budgeting, and ethics. b) выполнение пред- и послетекстовых упражнений. Ответьте на вопросы: Why does the author of the text mention Max Weber’s opinion? Is public administration a science?
Republic of Khakassia is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in south-central Siberia. Abakan is the capital and the largest city of the republic. Khakas is a Turkic language with co-official status in the republic. According to the 2002 Russian Census, ethnic Russians make up 80.3% of the republic's population, while ethnic Khakas are only 12.0%. Other groups include ethnic Germans (1.7%), Ukrainians (1.5%), Tatars (0.7%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. The main industries in the republic are coal mining, ore mining, and timber. Abakan (Russian: Абака́н; Khakas: Ағбан) is the capital city of the Republic of Khakassia in Russia. It is located in the central part of Minusinsk Depression, at the confluence of the Yenisei and Abakan Rivers, at approximately the same latitude as Hamburg and Minsk. Population: 165,200 (2010 Census preliminary results);165,197 (2002 Census); 154,092 (1989 Census).
b) выполнение пред- и послетекстовых упражнений. Ответьте на вопросы: Who is the head of Khakassia now? Who is the major of Abakan? |
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