Bazy_dannykh_Uchebnoe_posobie
.pdf
|
|
30. |
. |
SELECT |
|
SELECT DISTINCT |
|
FROM |
; |
FROM |
; |
------- |
|
------- |
|
1007 |
|
1001 |
|
1001 |
|
1002 |
|
1004 |
|
1003 |
|
1002 |
|
1004 |
|
1007 |
|
1007 |
|
1003 |
|
|
|
1002 |
|
|
|
1001 |
|
|
|
1002 |
|
|
|
1001 |
|
|
|
|
DISTINCT |
ALL |
|
Distinct. |
. |
WHERE ( |
) |
|
WHERE |
SELECT, |
|
. |
« |
» |
. |
|
|
25: |
|
|
, |
= 100, ( |
) |
WHERE |
= 100 |
|
|
31. |
. |
SELECT * |
|
|
FROM |
|
|
WHERE |
= 100; |
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001 |
|
100 |
1001 |
2006 |
|
100 |
1001 |
2007 |
. |
100 |
1004 |
|
WHERE |
, |
SQL: |
= |
|
> |
|
< |
|
>= |
|
<= |
|
81
<>
rating = 100
rating >= 200








WHERE
AND |
( |
A AND B) |
|
|
|
, |
|
. |
|
OR |
( |
A OR B) |
|
|
, |
|
. |
|
|
NOT |
|
( |
NOT A) |
|
|
|
|
|
. |
26: |
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
|
, |
( |
) |
200. |
|
|
|
|
|
32. |
. |
SELECT * |
|
|
|
|
FROM |
|
|
|
|
WHERE |
= ' |
|
' |
|
AND |
> 200; |
|
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2003 |
200 |
1002 |
2008 |
300 |
1007 |


27:
SELECT * |
|
|
|
|
FROM |
|
|
|
|
WHERE |
= ' |
' |
|
|
OR city = ' |
|
'; |
|
|
28: |
|
|
|
|
|
33. |
|
|
. |
SELECT * |
|
|
|
|
FROM |
|
|
|
|
WHERE |
= ' |
' OR NOT |
> 200; |
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001 |
|
100 |
1001 |
2002 |
. |
200 |
1003 |
2003 |
|
200 |
1002 |
2004 |
|
300 |
1002 |
2006 |
|
100 |
1001 |
82
2007 |
. |
100 |
1004 |
SELECT *
FROM 


WHERE NOT 

= '




' OR 


> 200;










, 




,
.
. 


























. 





















SELECT *
FROM 


WHERE NOT (

= '




' OR 


> 200);



IN (


)



IN 










, 

























.
SELECT *
FROM |
|
|
|
|
WHERE |
In (' |
', ' |
'); |
|
|
|
|
34. |
. |
SELECT * |
|
|
|
|
FROM |
|
|
|
|
WHERE |
IN (1001, 1007, 1004); |
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------- |
|
|
|
2001 |
|
100 |
1001 |
2008 |
|
300 |
1007 |
2007 |
. |
100 |
1004 |
BETWEEN ( |
) |
|
|
BETWEEN |
|
IN. |
|
, |
IN, |
BETWEEN |
, |
|
, |
|
. |












BETWEEN 









, 



AND 







. 




IN, BETWEEN
83



,










.
|
35. |
SELECT * |
|
FROM |
|
WHERE |
BETWEEN .10 AND .12; |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1001 |
|
|
0.12 |
|
1004 |
|
|
0.11 |
|
1003 |
|
|
0.10 |
|
LIKE ( |
) |
|
|
|
LIKE |
|
CHAR |
VARCHAR, |
|
, |
|
. |
, |
, |
, |
|
|
. |
|
|
|
(wildcards) |
- |
|
|
- |
. |
|
|
|
|
LIKE: |
|
|









_ 













. 


, 'b_t' 












'bat' 
'bit', 











'brat'.
(%)
(








). 


'%p%t' 












'put', 'posit', 
'opt', 
'spite'.


29:














, 












«
».
|
36. |
SELECT |
|
FROM |
|
WHERE |
LIKE ' %'; |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2002 




.

200 1003


30:
84





, 




















, 










«

». 


















.
|
38. |
SELECT * |
|
FROM |
|
WHERE |
LIKE '% '; |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001 |
100 |
1001 |
2003 |
200 |
1002 |
2004 |
300 |
1002 |
2008 |
300 |
1007 |
|
|
|
|
, |
«.. |
». |
, |
|
|
|
? |
LIKE |
|
|
ESC. |
ESC |
|
|
|
|
, |
, |
|
|
|
, |
|
. |
ESCAPE |
'/' |
ESC. |
ESC |
LIKE |
, |
, |
|
, |
ESCAPE, |
|
, |
|
|
. |
ESC |
|
|
|
|
. |
, |
|
|
, |
, |
: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
39. |
|
SELECT * |
|
|
|
|
FROM |
|
|
|
|
WHERE |
LIKE '%/_%'ESCAPE'/'; |
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
, . |
, |
, |
. |
|
|
|
NULL ( |
) |
|
NULL |
|
, |
, |




















NULL. 

NULL 








85




, 








NULL, 










, 



, 





. 





, 





'

= NULL' 
'

IN (NULL)'







, 











.



IS (
)





















NULL 








«

»:
SELECT *
FROM 




WHERE 

IS NULL;








, 





«

», 


, 


, 






NOT 

IS NULL


IS NOT NULL

































.












:
COUNT 












NULL 





, 








.
SUM 






























.
AVG 

























.
MAX 


























.
MIN 


























.
COUNT, MAX,
MIN, 






















.


31:



















«

» 











|
40. |
SELECT SUM ( |
) |
FROM |
; |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUM (



)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
26658.4







, 











, 




, 











, 












, 










. 




(

) 









.
86








COUNT



COUNT 











. 



















, 











.



, 







DISTINCT,




.


32:
|
|
. |
|
|
41. |
SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT |
) |
|
FROM |
; |
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNT (DISTINCT 


)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5



















, 
DISTINCT, 






















, 










, 






SELECT,




.


33:





















, 








COUNT 
|
42. |
SELECT COUNT (*) |
|
FROM |
; |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNT (*)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7





GROUP BY (




)





GROUP BY 






,





.
SELECT. GROUP BY 
























, 























. 




, 




























«
», 



MAX 



















. 






, 









GROUP
87
BY, |
, |
, |
|
|
, |
|
|
|
. |
|
|
, |
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
GROUP BY |
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
34: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
, |
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
43. |
|
|
|
SELECT |
, MAX ( |
) |
|
|
|
|
FROM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
GROUP BY |
; |
|
|
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|||||
|
|
|
|
MAX( |
) |
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|||||
|
2001 |
|
|
767.19 |
|
|
|
2002 |
|
|
1713.23 |
|
|
|
2004 |
|
|
1309.95 |
|
|
|
2008 |
|
|
1098.16 |
|
|
|
35: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
44. |
|
|
|
SELECT |
, |
, MAX ( |
) |
|
|
|
FROM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
GROUP BY |
, |
; |
|
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
MAX ( |
) |
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|||||
|
2001 |
|
10/03/1990 |
|
767.19 |
|
|
2006 |
|
10/05/1990 |
|
4723.00 |
|
|
2006 |
|
10/06/1990 |
|
9891.88 |
|
|
2003 |
|
10/03/1990 |
|
5160.45 |
|
|
2004 |
|
10/04/1990 |
|
75.75 |
|
|
2004 |
|
10/06/1990 |
|
1309.95 |
|
|
2002 |
|
10/04/1990 |
|
1713.23 |
|
|
2007 |
|
10/03/1990 |
|
1900.10 |
|
|
2008 |
|
10/03/1990 |
|
1098.16 |
|





HAVING (


)
HAVING |
WHERE |
GROUP BY. 




HAVING 







,



, 




88
WHERE |
|
|
. |
HAVING |
|
|
, |
SELECT, |
|
|
GROUP BY. |
|
|
. |
|
HAVING |
|
|
IN, BETWEEN. |
36: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
$3000.00, |
|
|
|
45. |
SELECT |
, |
, MAX ( |
) |
FROM |
|
|
|
GROUP BY |
|
, |
|
HAVING MAX ( |
|
) > 3000.00; |
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAX (



)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2006 |
10/05/1990 |
4723.00 |
2006 |
10/06/1990 |
9891.88 |
2003 |
10/03/1990 |
5160.45 |
37: |
|
, |
, |
10.03.1988. |
|
SELECT 



, MAX (



)
FROM 


GROUP BY 




HAVING 
= 10/03/1988;
- |
odate |
HAVING, . . |
, |
|
. |
|
|
46. |
SELECT |
, MAX ( |
) |
FROM |
|
|
WHERE |
= 10/03/1990 |
|
GROUP BY |
; |
|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAX (



)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2001 |
767.19 |
2003 |
5160.45 |
2007 |
1900.10 |
2008 |
1098.16 |
ORDER BY ( |
) |
89



- 














, 


, 







, |
- |








. SQL 







ORDER BY, 







|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
, |
GROUP |
BY, |
|
(ASC) |
|
(DESC) |
. |
|
|
|
|
38: |
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
|
, |
|
|
. |
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
SELECT * |
|
|
|
|
FROM |
|
|
|
|
ORDER BY |
; |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ASC. |
|
|
|
, |
|
, |
|
|
|
. |
|
39: |
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
|
, |
|
|
|
. |
|
|
. |
|
|
|
SELECT * |
|
|
|
|
FROM |
|
|
|
|
ORDER BY |
|
DESC, |
DESC; |
|
|
|
|
47. |
|
SELECT * |
|
|
|
|
FROM |
|
|
|
|
ORDER BY |
DESC, |
DESC; |
|
|
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
||||
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
||||
2008 |
|
1098.16 |
|
|
2008 |
|
18.69 |
|
|
2007 |
|
1900.10 |
|
|
2002 |
|
1713.23 |
|
|
2003 |
|
5160.45 |
|
|
2004 |
|
1309.95 |
|
|
2004 |
|
75.75 |
|
|
90
