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The future of cybernetics
The new science dealing with the problems of maximum control and governing of processes, known as cybernetics, occupies a leading place among the sciences of the future. The objective of this new science of controlling complicated natural processes and phenomena of society and industry is to increase the efficiency of human labour.
The field of research, which has been attracting man's resources and efforts for many centuries, is our environment of living nature. However, progress in biology and medicine has been comparatively slow for developments in living organism are extremely complicated.
Advances in instrument construction, the theory of information, mathematical logics, electronics and cybernetics open up great prospects of accelerating the pace of research in biology and medicine.
The part played by cybernetics in increasing the efficiency of those engaged in planning, finance, supply and other spheres of economic activity will also grow. This field of human endeavour is becoming increasingly important in our rapidly expanding economy. We are facing the task of continuous planning and ensuring a well balanced development of all the branches of the national economy.
At present there are thousands of electronic computers in operation throughout the world.
The existence of hundreds of computing centres equipped with learning and rapid acting machines, and connected by automatic communication lines with industry, supply centres, transport and organs of finance will fundamentally change national economic management. Controlled by cybernetics, industrial enterprises will operate at their most efficient peak. This, in its turn, will effect tremendous economy of time and resources.
Despite the numerous results of research into cybernetics, opening up breath-taking prospects for science, industry and economics generally, it is still hard to predict the achievements this wonderful science may make in the near future, since the pace of technical progress is exceptionally great and continually increasing.
Review exercises
I. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Tense and Voice of the Predicates.
1. These substances were shown to be radioactive. 2. The instrument seemed to be sensitive to radiation. 3. Their research is expected to provide reliable data. 4. The scientists are known to make considerable contribution to the development of world science. 5. Radiation was found to destroy good living tissues and cause skin burns. 6. The atom was supposed to be a complicated structure. 7. Ion movement was shown to be relatively rapid. 8. These effects are expected to be small. 9. Some of these coefficients are known to be zero. 10. These means of protection from radiation proved to to be effective. 11 Radioactive materials are required to be handled with great care 12. Water and lead were found to be among the means of protection from radiation.
II. Find the Passive Constructions and translate the sentences into
Ukrainian.
1 In mechanics the study of kinematics is followed by the study of dynamics. 2. Friction is an important force that must be dealt with in nearly all motion 3. A gas may be looked upon as the vapour of a liquid with a very low boiling point or very great vapour pressure. 4. Anthracite coal is the purest, the densest, the hardest of all varieties of coal, because of the high pressure and the heat it was subjected to. 5. Lead is very slightly acted upon by the oxygen of the air. 6. Single atoms of oxygen are seldom met with. 7. Atoms of zinc may be looked upon as composed of electrons and zinc ions. 8. When iron, zinc, nickel and many other metals (in the molten condition) are allowed to cool (and "freeze"), they solidify in crystalline form. 9. If a gas at any pressure is permitted to expand, its temperature falls. 10. The early works by Tsiolkovsky were followed by a number of very important works in the field of astronautics.