VIII. Translate the following word-combinations with the preposition "to"

To refer to Pavlov's works, to move to another place, the time proper to some place, to transfer all the load to one machine, to apply to somebody for help.

IX. Insert prepositions where necessary and translate the sentences into Ukrainian

1. In their publications considerable space is devoted... various experiments. 2. A group of learned men were drawn together... their scientific interests. 3. The Academy had its origin ... informal meetings of learned men. 4. This was not favourable ... scientific progress. 5. Various experi­ ments the problem of vacuum received much attention. 6. Many teamed men became interested ... the sciences.

Додаткові тексти

Text В

Electronic mail

Did you ever have to go out in the rain to mail a letter that couldn't wait? Have you ever received a letter weeks late because it had been mysteriously «lost» in the mall? If so, you will be very happy to know that electronic mail is here.

What exactly is electronic mail? It's just what you'd imagine: the sending of messages electronically by computer. Here's how it works;

Suppose that you are a subscriber to The Source or CompuServe. You have ten friends who subscribe as well. A few months ago, you lent one of these friends a record. You want the record back, but you can't remember who has it. Using a microcomputer and a modem, you plug into the information service's network of subscribers. Once you are on-line, you send the same message to all ten of your friends. «Whoever has my Bill Cosby album, please return it.»

Your message is stored In your friends' "electronic mailboxes". These mailboxes are nothing like those that are used by the U.S. Postal Service. They are simply storage locations in the information service's computer system. When your friends come on-line, they will check to see if they have any mall. When they do your message will appear on their screens. It's as easy as that. (With luck you might even get your record back!)

Electronic mall is becoming popular In the business world, too. It is fast, direct, and reliable. In addition, storing messages in electronic mailboxes saves time by eliminating "telephone tag": Ms. Green calls Mr. Gold, but Mr. Gold is out to lunch. An hour later, Mr. Gold returns the call, but Ms. Green is at a meeting. The next morning, Ms. Green calls back, but Mr. Gold's line is busy, and so on .

Not all electronic mail delivery is tied to an information service like The Source or CompuServe. In fact, organizations already exist that specialize in delivering electronic mail. MCI Mail and EasyLink are two examples. Subscribers to these electronic-mail services can send messages around the world on their computers. In addition, the addressee doesn't even need a computer to receive mail through one of these services. Both will transmit a letter most of the distance electronically, then print and send it the rest of the distance either by mail or by courier.

Text C

Monopolistic Competition: Many Unique Products

Perfect competitions and perfectly competitive markets exist in only a few business or industries. In fact, most business changes from many firms selling differentiated products to a few firms dominating an industry, economists say that the "concentration ratio" is changing. The concentrating ratio is determined by the percentage of an industry's output accounted for by its four largest firms.

Oligopolies exist because it is difficult for competing firms to enter the market.

Circumstances that make it difficult to enter the market are described us "barriers to entry". One such barrier is the high cost of entry. The capital needed to enter the automobile manufacturing business, for example, would run to billions of dollars.

Another barrier to trade is created by patent protections. The products of certain industries, such as aluminum, chemicals and electronics, are protected by patents. Competing, firms cannot enter those industries unless they pay the patent holders for permission to use the process or find a new method of production not covered by existing patents.

Price competition is less effective where there is oligopoly. Firms know that if they reduce their prices the competition will do the same. Therefore, instead of increased sales (as would be the case in a competitive market), price reductions would simply reduce revenue. In place of competition, oligopolies often look to price leadership, collusion, and custom to determine their pricing policies.

Price leadership is the practice of one firm in the industry, usually the largest, setting a price which other firms follow.

Collusion is a secret arrangement between two or more firms to fix prices or share the market. These agreements are usually illegal.

Custom is the practice of establishing prices and market shares based on longstanding traditions. Sometime the courts have found such practice to be unlawful; in other instance they were found to be legal.