- •Unit 1
- •Skeletal System
- •Bones
- •Long bones have long longitudinal axes and expanded ends. Examples are the arm and leg bones.
- •Short bones are somewhat cube like, with their lengths and widths roughly equal. The bones of the wrists and ankles are examples of this type.
- •Functions of Bones
- •Skeletal parts provide shape, support, and protection for body structures. They also act as levers that aid body movements, house tissues that produce blood cells and store various inorganic salts.
- •Joints of the Skeletal System
- •The Plan for Rendering the Text
- •Unit 3
- •1 Learn the key words and phrases:
- •2 Match the terms to following definitions:
- •the gap between the ends of the broken
- •bone
- •4) the remains of something broken
- •down or destroyed
- •5) a rigid dressing of gauze impregnated
- •with plaster of Paris for immobilizing a
- •diseased or broken part
- •Fractures
- •Repair of a Fracture
- •Meanwhile, phagocytic cells begin to remove the blood clot as well as any dead or damaged cells in the affected area. Osteoclasts also appear and resorb bone fragments, thus aiding in "cleaning up" debris.
- •Unit 5
- •Muscular System
- •Muscles, the organs of the muscular system, consist largely of cells that are specialized to undergo contractions. During these contractions, chemical energy from nutrients is converted into mechanical energy, or movement.
- •Atrophy and Hypertrophy of Skeletal Muscles
- •Pre-text assignments
- •Digestive System and Digestion
- •Unit 10
- •The Alimentary Canal
- •Unit 11
- •Stomach
- •Unit 12
- •Heart
- •Unit 19
- •Actions of the Heart
- •Unit 20
- •Blood Vessels
- •Unit 21
- •Paths of Circulation
and nerves. (The nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord are peripheral nerves).
10 Deep is used to describe parts that are more internal. (The dermis is the deep layer of the skin).
Unit 9
Pre-text assignments
1 Learn the key words:
tongue, papilla, pharynx, throat, esophagus, gullet, enzyme, saliva, antrum, ruga, bile, gallbladder, sodium, potassium, villus, cecum
2 Memorize the expressions to the text:
to be moistered with smth, taste receptors, mucous membrane, oral cavity, gastric juice, further digestion, hydrochloric acid, peristaltic waves, small intestine, the fluid by-products, large intestine, sigmoid colon, vermiform appendix
3 Find substitutes for the following definitions: |
|
1) pertaining to pepsin or to digestion |
a) digestion |
2) excessive formation of gases in stomach |
|
or in testine |
b) deficiency |
3) failure of digestive function |
c) peptic |
4) a lack or shortage |
d) flatulence |
5) the conversion of food into material |
|
assimilable by the body |
e) indigestion |
4 Translate the sentences:
1 The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hard palate. 2 The small intestine composed of three main portions is a thin-walled muscular tube. 3 The weight of the largest of the salivary glands is 28 gr. 4 The liver consists of small lobules connected together by connective tissue, different vessels and nerves. 5 The duodenum is called so because its length measures about twelve fingers. 6 The liver consisting of five lobes is covered with a fibrous coat.
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