Unit 21

its origin, it divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries. These branches penetrate the right and left lungs, respectively. Within the lungs, they divide into lobar branches (three on the right side and two on the left) that accompany the main divisions of the bronchi into the lobes of the lungs. After repeated divisions, the lobar branches give rise to arterioles that continue into the capillary networks associated with the walls of the alveoly.

The blood in the arteries and arterioles of the pulmonary circuit has a relatively low concentration of oxygen and a relatively high concentration of carbon dioxide.Gas exchanges occur between the blood and the air as the blood moves through the pulmonary capillaries.

As a result of the gas exchanges occurring between the blood and the alveolar air, the blood entering the venules of the pulmonary circuit is rich in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide. Four pulmonary veins, two from each lung, return blood to the left atrium, and this completes the vascular loop of the pulmonary circuit.

Systemic Circuit

The freshly oxygenated blood received by the left atrium is forced into the systemic circuit by the contraction of the left ventricle. This circuit includes the aorta and its branches that lead to all of the body tissues, as well as the companion system of veins that returns the blood to the right atrium.

Post-text assignments:

1 Respond to the following tasks:

1 Distinguish between the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

2 Trace a drop of blood through the pulmonary circuit from the right ventricle.

3 Explain why the alveoli normally remain dry.

2 What system is this?

A characteristic feature of the system is the numerous delicate valves in small and medium sized vessels. The structure of these valves is similar to that nerves in the venous system, but the

60

connective tissue core consists merely of reticulum fibres and a little ground substance. (venous or lymphatic)

3 Choose the proper answer:

1 What is called pulmonary circulation?

a)the circulation of blood from the body organs to the heart and back again;

b)the circulation of blood from the heart to ttie lungs and back to the heart.

2 Where does the left ventricle discharge out the blood?

a)to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries;

b)to the systemic circulation through the aorta. 3 What are the arteries characterized by?

a)carry blood away from the heart;

b)carry deoxygenated blood.

Unit 22

Pre-text assignments:

1 Learn the key words:

atherosclerosis, atheromatous, thrombosis, saturated, utilization

2 Translate the following phrases:

to cause death, utilization ofsmth, to elevate cholesterol level, to reduce cholesterol in blood, to affect smth.

61

Atherosclerosis

The diseases associated with the condition commonly known as "hardening of the arteries" cause more deaths than any other group of diseases. Atherosclerosis is the process and result of the accumulation of fats and fatlike substances (lipoids or lipidis) within the walls of arteries. Among these substances are cholesterol and phospholipids, present also in the blood plasma of all persons. High cholesterol levels are associated with increased amounts of the atheromatous materials in the arterial walls and with the complications of this pathological condition. The disease affects me coronary arteries notably, giving rise to the angina pectoris, coronary thrombosis, abnormal heart rhythms, as well as weakness and failure of the heart.

The causes and methods of prevention ofafherogenesis have been under increasingly intensive study for many decades. In recent years it has been shown that cholesterol level in the blood rises with increases in the amount of ordinary fats in the diet. Fats that contain unsaturated fatty acids cause smaller increases in cholesterol blood levels than do the fats composed of saturated fatty acids. Corn oil, certain other vegetable or plant oils, and certain fish oils are example of unsaturated fats containing unsaturated fatty acids and producing smaller rises in blood cholesterol. Indeed, corn oil has been shown to lower cholesterol levels and is now used by some individuals in the belief that they may be spared much, if not all, of the atherosclerosis they may ordinarily expect. The fats of animals (even in the "lean meat"), milk and eggyolk products (including butter), and, to a slightly lesser extent, shortenings such as oleomargarine are mainly saturated or hard fats and definitely elevate cholesterol levels.

Several products containing plant oils with unsaturated fatty acids, principally linoleic, have recently been made available. This and cortam other acids have been shown in animals to be necessary dietary factors, comparable to essential amino acids. Since pyridoxine (vitamin B^) is required for the proper utilization of these essential vegetable fatty acids, it is incorporated in many products containing these acids. Among these are Linodoxine and Arcofac.

62

Lenic capsules contain the fatty acids without piridoxine. These products are of little value unless the saturated fat in the diet is markedly reduced. This alone is usually somewhat effective.

Measures for Lowering Blood Cholesterol. An effective but not a very extensively used agent for lowering blood cholesterol is nicotinic acid or niacin (a vitamin of the B complex). It causes flushing at first but doses of 3 to 6 mg daily in divided amounts orally may be given for long periods of time with apparent safety and continued effect.

Another agent for attempting to reduce blood cholesterol is a 20 per cent suspension ofbeta-sitosterols (Cytellin), the sterols of certain plants. It is used in a dose of 15 to 30 ml before meals. It is thought to suppress absorption of cholesterol from the intestines, but reports have been conflicting and it is not widely used.

A new drug, triparanol, is now one of the leading agent for reducing the cholesterol level in the blood.

Post-text assignments:

1 Answer the questions:

1 What is atherosclerosis caused by? 2 What are highcholesterol levels associated with? 3 What does the disease affect? 4 When does the cholesterol level rise? 5 What do fats cause? 6 What produces smaller rises in blood cholesterol?

2 Name the agents lowering the blood cholesterol.

3 Translate the following:

1 Атеросклероз супроводжується відкладанням холестерину в стінках артерій, що негативно позначається на їх еластичності. 2 Порушення жирового обміну є однією з причин розвігпсу атеросклерозу. З Гіпертонічна хвороба може спричинятися атеросклерозом. 4 Підвищення тиску крові створює сприятливі умови для відкладання холестерину на внутрішніх стінках артерій. 5 Розлад центральної нервової системи, яка регулює обмін речовин, сприяє розвиткові атеросклерозу. 6 Підвищення артеріального тиску і судинні спазми також можуть спричинити

63

склеротичні зміни в судинах. 7 Наслідками атеросклерозу можуть бути коронарний тромбоз, порушення ритму серця і стенокардія.

4 Choose the word that correctly completes each of the following sentences:

1 The atherosclerosis patient should ... at least 7 – 8 hours. 2 Those who drink alcohol do a great damage (harm) to die .... 3 Vitamins are most... in treating atherosclerosis. 4 Vitamins prevent tile ... from getting fatty and improve the metabolic processes. 5 The patient has a healthy heart, a healthy ... of lungs, and an adequate blood volume. 6 A doctor can ... heart.... 7 Do you know Ac expressions "... heart", "to... heart"?

(a – deer, dear; louse, lose, loose; b – slip, sleep; c – lever, liver; d

–hair, hear, hare, here; noise, rales, clamour, murmur; e – hut, hat, hurt, heart; f – important, impotent;g – peer, pear, pair, pyre)

5 Read the quotation. Interpret its meaning in 10-12 sentences:

"When you talk with the patient you should listen, firstly, for what he wants to tell, secondly, for what he does not want to tell, thirdly, for what he cannot tell.” (Z. Henderson)

64

Додаток А

Drawing 1. Major bones of the skeleton Anterior view

65

Додаток Б (обов’язковий)

Drawing 2. Major bones of the skeleton Posterior view

66

Додаток В (обов’язковий)

Drawing 3. Anterior view of superficial skeletal muscles

67

Додаток Д (обов’язковий)

Drawing 4. Posterior view of superficial skeletal muscles

68

Список літератури

1 John W. Hole. Human Anatomy and Physiology. – USA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers, – 1990. – Cт. 179-343, 513-559.

2 Uncover the Human Body. – USA: Advantage Publishers Group. – 2002. – ст. 12-14; 18-20

3 G. W. Rohen, Сh. Yokoсhi. Color Athlas of Anatomy. – USA: Williams L. Wilkins Company. – 1998. – Cт. 26; 83.

4 Mark C. Fishman, Andrew R. Hoffman. Medicine. – USA: I. B. Lippincott Company. – 1991 – Ст. 12-26.

5 Melonakos, Kathleen. Saunders Porket Reference for Nursers. – USA: W. B. Saunders Company. – 1990. – Cт. 5; 12; 76-103.

6 S.Watanabe, M.Wolff. Digestive Disease Pathology. – USA: New York Publishers. – 1988. – Cт. 9-12

7 Р. М. Лотовська, Г. І. Гурська, С. М. Сенів. English for Medical Students. – Київ: Вища школа. – 1994. – 260 ст.

8 А. В. Янков. English for Medical Students. – Київ: Вища школа.

– 2004. ст.

9 А. М. Маслова, З. И. Вайштейн, Л. С. Плебейская. Essential English for medical students. – Моква: Высшая школа. – 1977 – 344 ст.

10 The McGraw – USA: Hill Essential Dictionary of Health Care. – USA. – 1988. – Cт. 18.

11 The New Lexicon Webster's Encyclopedic Dictionary. – USA. – 1989. – Cт. 92

12 Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary. – Cuba: Instituto Cubano Del Libro. – 1975. – 1221cт.

69