- •Unit 1
- •Skeletal System
- •Bones
- •Long bones have long longitudinal axes and expanded ends. Examples are the arm and leg bones.
- •Short bones are somewhat cube like, with their lengths and widths roughly equal. The bones of the wrists and ankles are examples of this type.
- •Functions of Bones
- •Skeletal parts provide shape, support, and protection for body structures. They also act as levers that aid body movements, house tissues that produce blood cells and store various inorganic salts.
- •Joints of the Skeletal System
- •The Plan for Rendering the Text
- •Unit 3
- •1 Learn the key words and phrases:
- •2 Match the terms to following definitions:
- •the gap between the ends of the broken
- •bone
- •4) the remains of something broken
- •down or destroyed
- •5) a rigid dressing of gauze impregnated
- •with plaster of Paris for immobilizing a
- •diseased or broken part
- •Fractures
- •Repair of a Fracture
- •Meanwhile, phagocytic cells begin to remove the blood clot as well as any dead or damaged cells in the affected area. Osteoclasts also appear and resorb bone fragments, thus aiding in "cleaning up" debris.
- •Unit 5
- •Muscular System
- •Muscles, the organs of the muscular system, consist largely of cells that are specialized to undergo contractions. During these contractions, chemical energy from nutrients is converted into mechanical energy, or movement.
- •Atrophy and Hypertrophy of Skeletal Muscles
- •Pre-text assignments
- •Digestive System and Digestion
- •Unit 10
- •The Alimentary Canal
- •Unit 11
- •Stomach
- •Unit 12
- •Heart
- •Unit 19
- •Actions of the Heart
- •Unit 20
- •Blood Vessels
- •Unit 21
- •Paths of Circulation
layer of flattened epithelial cells, which is continuous with the endothelium of the vessels entering and leaving the heart.
The endothelium is supported by a delicate layer of fibreelastic connective tissue which accomodates gross movements of the myocardium without damage to the endothelium. The endocardium contains blood vessels, nerves and branches of the conducting system of the heart.
7 What it is?
Free surface of it is covered by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells, the mesothelium; a similar mesothelial layer lines the opposing parietal pericardial surface. The mesothelial cells secrete a small amount of serous fluid which lubricates the movement of the epicardium on the parietal pericardium. A thin layer of fibro-elastic connective tissure supports the mesothelium; this layer is connected to the myocardium by a broad layer of adipose connective tissue.
Unit 19
Pre-text assignments:
1 Learn the key phrases:
cardiac cycle, isolated pumps, the only route of communication, well-oxygenated, continuous circulation
2 Remember the meaning of the term-element "cardio." Form new words using it:
acceleration, active, dilator, thrombosis, inhibitory, kinetic, muscular, necrosis, pneumatic, spasm, stimulator, valvulitis, vascular, myopathy, circulation
3 Analyse the structure of the following terms: bradycardia, tachycardia, cardiomegaly, angionecrosis,
angiospasm, angiography, angiostenosis, hemangioma, arteriosclerosis, arterial, arteritis, ventriculotomy, ventricular, atrioentricular, vasodilation, vasoconstriction
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