- •3508 Навчально-методичні матеріали
- •Передмова
- •Text b constitution of ukraine
- •Text c state symbols of ukraine
- •Text d structure of national government in ukraine
- •Part II
- •System of government of great britain
- •Reading with a purpose
- •Text a state system of great britain and northern ireland part I
- •Text a state system of great britain and northern ireland part II
- •Text b national symbols of great britain The National Flag
- •The National emblem (Royal Crest)
- •The British National Anthem
- •Reading comprehension
- •Text c constitution – standard of legitimacy*
- •Rules of Law
- •Organization of the United States Government
- •Text a political system of the usa part II
- •The System of Checks and Balances and Separation of Powers* PresidentCabinet (Executive)
- •Supreme Court Federal courts (Judicial) Congress: House-Senate may reject each other’s bills (Legislative)
- •Text b the us constitution
- •Intellectual Origins of the Constitution of the usa
- •Text c national symbols of the usa
- •The National Emblem of the usa
- •The National Anthem of the usa
- •Additional reading materials to unit 1
- •1 We are ukrainians
- •2 The national symbols of ukraine
- •The National Flag
- •The National Emblem (Coat of Arms)
- •The National Anthem of Ukraine
- •3 Constitution – standard of legitimacy
- •4 Politics
- •Types of Government
- •Political beliefs
- •Political positions
- •Elections
- •Government
- •5 Elections in the uk
- •Glossary:
- •6 Political objectives
- •Glossary:
- •Text c english law
- •Text d laws in the usa
- •Text e subject matter of legal system criminal law versus* civil law
- •2) Choose a law in our jurisdiction that you are familiar with and explain what it says using the verbs listed above and legal terminology of this part of the unit.
- •English court system
- •Text b court personnel in great britain
- •Text с organization of federal and state courts
- •Professional titles quiz
- •Text d court procedure* in the usa
- •Prepositions at law
- •Lawyers’ major functions
- •Lawyers
- •Text b entering legal profession
- •Text с legal education: a call to the bar*
- •Studying law in the uk
- •Studying law in the usa
- •I Discuss these questions with a partner. Look at the sample responses.
- •II Reading texts in a foreign language often means encountering unfamiliar words. Discuss these questions with a partner.
- •Text e future of law firm
- •Grammar revision
- •Personal attributes of lawyer
- •Review vocabulary test
- •Additional reading materials to unit 2
- •1 Law in singapore
- •2 Law in different countries
- •3 It must be true…
- •4 Court system of ukraine
- •5 Wise advice to district attorney (After r. Traver)
- •Grammar supplement a formation of tenses in active voice
- •Grammar supplement b formation of tenses in passive voice
- •Modal verbs in passive voice
- •Grammar supplement c word formation Formation of Nouns
- •Verb без зміни наголосу – noun
- •Verb зміна наголосу – noun
- •Formation of Adverbs
- •Grammar supplement c continuation Formation of Adjectives
- •Prefixes and Word Formation
- •Grammar supplement d word combination
- •Grammar supplement e specific nouns
- •Grammar supplement f modal verbs
- •Present
- •Grammar supplement f continuation
- •Questions and Negatives
- •The Contracted Forms
- •Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents
- •Grammar supplement g conditional sentences
- •Grammar supplement g continuation
- •Study this example:
- •Grammar supplement h abbreviations and contractions commonly used in writing and printing
- •Grammar supplement h continuation
- •Grammar supplement h continuation
- •References
- •Contents
Questions and Negatives
Can you play chess? I can’t understand a word. May I leave earlier?
The Contracted Forms
Can’t, couldn’t, mustn’t, needn’t, oughtn’t, mayn’t, shouldn’t.
Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents
|
Modal verb |
Present |
Past |
Future | ||
|
Equivalent | |||||
|
can to be able to… |
can am able to… is able to… are able to… |
could was able to… were able to… |
will be able to… | ||
|
Modal verb |
Present |
Past |
Future | ||
|
Equivalent | |||||
|
may to be allowed to… |
may am allowed to… is allowed to… are allowed to… |
might was allowed to… were allowed to…
|
--- will be allowed to… | ||
|
Modal verb |
Present |
Past |
Future | ||
|
Equivalent | |||||
|
must have to…
be to… |
must have to… has to… am to… is to… are to… |
had to… had to… had to… was to… were to… were to… |
will have to… will have to… will have to…
| ||
Grammar supplement g conditional sentences
Conditional sentences may express real and unreal condition. They are introduced by the conjunctions: if, in case, provided, unless, suppose.
|
Condition |
Subordinate clause |
Principal clause | ||||
|
I Real |
If it looks like rain, If I have more time, If he is working on Friday, |
we’ll stay at home. I’ll come over. he won’t be able to go with us. | ||||
|
Present Indefinite/ Present Continuous |
Will (Shall) |
+ Inf. | ||||
|
Unreal |
II Present / Future |
If I were you, If I had more time, If you knew him better, If it were not raining, |
I would go there myself. I would come over. you wouldn’t think so. I could go out. | |||
|
Past Indefinite/ Past Continuous |
would could might |
+ Inf.
| ||||
|
III Past |
If you had gone there, If you had earned enough money last summer, |
you would have seen him. we could have gone to the South. | ||||
|
Past Perfect
|
would could might |
+ have + Participle II
| ||||
1 “If” is the most common.“In case” and “provided” are chiefly used in sentences of real condition.
If the weather is fine, we shall go outside. Якщо погода буде гарна ми підемо на вулицю.
Unless has a negative meaning.
I’ll come tomorrow unless it rains.Я прийду завтра якщо не буде дощу.
Suppose is more common in sentences of unreal condition.
Suppose he wrote to you, would you answer? – Уявіть, він написав би вам, ви б відповіли?
2 There are two mixed types of sentences of unreal condition:
a) the condition refers to the past but the consequence refers to the present;