Glossary:

objective – a thing you are trying to do, syns aim, goal;

announce smth – say smth officially and in public; announcement n;

priority – a thing that is important or that you must do before anything else;

focus on smth – give all your attention to smth; focus n;

need for smth – a situation in which you must have or do smth;

policy – a plan to do smth, agreed by a government, company, etc;

persuade smb (to do smth) – give reasons to make smb agree (to do smth);

face smth – have to deal with a difficult situation;

oppose smth – to disagree with something and try to change it;

opposition – the main political party in parliament, but not forming the government, is called the Opposition (used with a singular or plural verb);

immigration – the process of coming to live in a country that is not your own (the people are called immigrants);

emigration – the movement of people from a country;

launch smth – start smth new, especially a campaign or product;

campaign – (often used in politics or business) a plan to do a number of things with a specific aim.

Exercise 2 Underline the correct part of the sentence.

Model: If you persuade somebody to do something, they do / don't do it.

1. If you announce something, you say it in public / private.

2. A priority is important / not important.

3. If you face a problem, you avoid it / deal with it.

4. If you launch something, you start it / finish it.

5. Immigration is the process of coming / going to live in a foreign country.

6. If you oppose something, you agree / disagree with it.

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences and translate them.

Model: Helping poor people is a major priority for the government.

1. Do you agree with the government’s economic ______________.

2. They’ve launched a _________________ to educate people about the tax system.

3. Some MPs already agree with the prime minister, but he still has to ______________ others.

4. The USA received a lot of European _______________ in the early twentieth century.

5. The main ______________________ of the education policy is to give parents more choice.

6. It’s clear that the _____________________ disagree strongly with the government’s policy.

7. In his speech, the prime minister will ________________ on health issues.

8. The government has expressed the ________________ for change in their education policy.

UNIT 2

PART I

PRACTICE OF LAW

READING WITH A PURPOSE

Exercise 1 Read the following text, find out the basic concepts of law. Learn the new legal terms by heart.

TEXT A

INTRODUCTION TO LAW: BASIC CONCEPTS

Why do we have laws and legal systems? At one level, laws can be seen as a type of rule which governs behaviour between people. We can find these rules in nearly all social organizations, such as families and sports clubs.

Law, the body of official rules and regulations*, is generally found in constitutions and legislation*. It is used to govern a society and to control the behaviour of its members. In modern societies, a body with authority*, such as a court or the legislature, makes the law. A law enforcement agency*, such as the police, makes sure it is observed.

In addition to enforcement, a body of expert lawyers is needed to apply the law. This is the role of the judiciary*, the body of judges in a particular country. Of course, legal systems vary between countries, as well as the basis for bringing a case before a court* or tribunal*. One thing, however, seems to be true all over the world – starting a legal action* is both expensive and time-consuming.

rules and regulations – процесуальні норми і положення

legislation – законодавча діяльність, законодавство, закон, юрисдикція

authority – повноваження, повнота влади, керівний орган, інстанція

law enforcement agency – орган забезпечення правопорядку

judiciary – судоустрій, суддівський корпус

to bring a case before a court – порушувати судову справу

tribunal – судова установа, арбітражна установа

legal action – судовий процес, позов, правомірна дія

Exercise 2 The following terms introduce you to the law and basic legal terminology. Read and translate the definitions. Match the terms below with definitions that follow and learn them by heart.

court govern judge lawyers rule law enforcement agency legal action legal system legislation the judiciary tribunal

Model: a body that is appointed to make a judgement* or inquiry* –tribunal.

1 A country’s body of judges.

2 An act or acts passed by a law-making body.

3 Behaviour recognized by a community as binding* or enforceable* by authority.

4 Legal proceedings.

5 An official body that has authority to try criminals, resolve* disputes, or make other legal decisions.

6 An organization responsible for enforcing the law, especially the police.

7 A senior official in a court of law.

8 System of rules recognized by a community that are enforceable by established process.

9 Members of the legal profession.

10 To rule a society and control the behavior of its members.

judgement – слухання справи, судове рішення

inquiry – дізнання, вивчення обставин справи

binding – зобов’язувальний

enforceable – забезпечений правовою санкцією, примусовий

to resolve – вирішувати

Exercise 3 Read the following text for obtaining information. Give it a headline.

TEXT B

In order to understand why a particular country has a particular legal system, it is necessary to look at its history, political structure and social values. When there is political and social upheaval*, one of the main concerns of a new government is to revise the legal system. Britain has had an unusual degree of political continuity*. Despite civil wars and social changes with industrialization, England and Wales have retained* many laws and legal principles that originated eight centuries ago. On the other hand, most of the law of Japan was developed within the last century.

Each country in the world, even each state of the United States, has its own system of law. However there are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common law*, and has been adopted by many Commonwealth* countries and most of the United States. The other tradition, sometimes known as Continental, or Roman law, has developed in most of continental Europe, Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa, which have been strongly influenced by Europe. Continental law has also influenced Japan and several former socialist countries.

to retain – зберігати

Common law – загальне право, звичаєве право

upheaval – переворот

continuity – постійність

Commonwealth – співдружність

Exercise 4 Which is true? Correct the false statements.

1 A particular legal system is closely connected with the history, political structure, and social values of the country.

2 The legal system is fixed once and forever.

3 The law system is a universal thing.

4 Roman law has developed in the United States.

5 Japan, being isolated from the Continent, wasn’t influenced by any of the world traditions of law.

Exercise 5 Match legal terms with their Ukrainian equivalents. Use them for better translation of text C.

1) to influence; a) кодифікувати закони;

2) to bring cases before a judge; b) отримувати (збирати)

докази;

3) to be different from; c) впливати;

4) to codify the law; d) надавати докази;

5) to present evidence; e) порушувати судову справу;

6) to collect evidence; f) відрізнятися від.

1) legal system; a) обвинувальна система правосуддя;

2) court structure; b) право, яке засноване на судовій практиці;

3) higher courts; c) правова система;

4) lower courts; d) судові прецеденти;

5) judge made law; e) слідче судочинство;

6) decisions of judges; f) обвинувальне судочинство;

7) source of law; g) неупереджене рішення;

8) civil law system; h) суди нижчої інстанції;

9) judicial precedents; i) суди вищої інстанції;

10) impartial decision; j) рішення суддів;

11) accusatorial court procedure; k) система цивільного права;

12) adversarial system of justice; l) судоустрій;

13) inquisitorial procedure; m) джерело права;

Exercise 6 Read and translate the text.