Англ

English as a world language and an International aviation language

basic characteristics of English also contribute to the situation that nowadays it is the most spread language on Earth. These characteristics are: simplicity of forms (very few endings); flexibility (the same word can operate as some different parts of speech); openness of vocabulary (English words are frequently admitted by other languages). At present English is the language of business, technology, sport and aviation.

English is a one of main language of ICAO.

Phraseology alone is unable to cover all of the potential situations, particularly (especially) in critical or emergency situations.

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATIONS

At present there are about 200 member States in ICAO. Its headquarters is in Canada, Montreal. Russia has been the member of ICAO since 1970.

ICAO solves many problems on the international level. ICAO has a coordination agency. One of its purposes is to gather knowledge widely scattered among nations and to standardize the equipment and operational techniques used in air navigation in and over the territories of its member-states (Одной из ее целей является сбор знаний разбросаны между нациями и стандартизации оборудования и оперативные методы, используемые в аэронавигации в и над территориями своих стран-членов). The main task of ICAO is the flight safety.

ICAO has set up standards for air crew and controllers as well. IСAO is also doing much to prepare and train aviation specialists (ИКАО установила стандарты для летного и контроллеров, а также. IСAO также многое делает для подготовки и обучения авиационных специалистов)

Weather

Weather is composed of a number of elements such as the temperature and humidity of the air, atmospheric pressure, the speed and direction of the wind, air visibility and of special phenomena such as fog, storms and others.

Pilots need the information about weather conditions along the route of flight and at the destination aerodrome. The object of the meteorological service is to contribute to safety, efficiency and regularity of air traffic.

At every airport there is a meteorological station which is equipped with special instruments recording all changes in the atmosphere.

The observations at the airports are made every 30 minutes and every 15 minutes if the weather suddenly gets worse or better.

Now there exist several categories set up by ICAO:

Category I - 200 ft ceiling and 1/2 mile visibility;

Category II- 100 ft ceiling and I/4 mile visibility;

Category III - landing under zero-zero conditions.

airport

The modern airport is a complex structure, a centre of most different services.

In practical any airport can be divided into two main parts: the landing area (runways and taxiways) and the terminal area (aprons, buildings, car parking areas, hangars, etc.). There is also a third part - terminal air traffic control.

The runways and taxiways should be arranged so that to prevent delays on landing, taxying and take off operations.

The main function of the terminal buildings is to handle the departing and arriving passengers and their baggage.

Among the airport services are: flight assistance service, air traffic control services - airport traffic control, approach control, air route traffic control, radio communications and weather observation and forecasting service.

At every airport there is a number of supplementary services such as rescue and security services, an airport clinic, a fire brigade, special vehicles and equipment units (water trucks, tow tractors, etc.).

AIRCRAFT

The main components of airplanes are as follows:

1. The fuselage is the main body of the airplane and contains the pilot's compartment (cockpit) and passenger and baggage compartments. The cockpit contains the flight controls and instruments.

2. The wings are the main lifting surfaces which support the aircraft in flight. Aircraft may be divided into monoplanes and biplanes.

3. The tail unit or empennage consists of a vertical stabilizer and rudder and the horizontal stabilizer and elevators to provide the necessary stability in flight.

4. The three basic flight control surfaces are the ailerons, the elevators and the rudder.

5. The power plant is the heart of the airplane. There are many types of engines: turboprop, turbojet, turbofan, rocket engines, etc.

6. The landing gear or undercarriage is used during manoeuvering of the aircraft on the ground while taxying, taking off and landing. In flight the retractable landing gear is retracted into the wing or the fuselage structure.

AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

Aircraft instruments are basically devices for obtaining information about the aircraft and its environment and for presenting that information to the pilot. Their purpose is to detect, measure, record, process and analise the variables encountered in flying an aircraft. They are mainly electrical, electronic or gyroscopic. Modern aircraft have a computer on board.

An aircraft usually takes the name of the designer or manufacturer.