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forwarder's or the client's yard. This is more than frustrating. It is expensive and dangerous. Those responsible may well face prosecution resulting in fines, jail sentences and the loss of insurance cover.

Over and above the speed, flexibility and reliability with which transport contracts are fulfilled, the security of a load is thus gaining importance as a quality benchmark used in assessing a logistics enterprise. Dachser, a private sector forwarder and logistics provider, realized the vital importance of this issue some time ago. Therefore, the company attaches particular importance not only to the development and consistent use of lashing equipment such as slip resistant matting, arresting rods, damming sacks and in-

ter-wall locking, but also increasingly to thorough training of all of its staff who are directly concerned with securing loads. Thus last year production heads warehouse personnel, sales and scheduling managers from over 42 Dachser branches in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Belgium and

the Netherlands participated in three-day practical training sessions covering all aspects of secure load lashing. Correct packing of consignments which starts with the customer, is just as important as optimum distribution of" the load on the vehicle and taking into account frictional forces. And all these factors influence the choice of lashing.

Safety advisers from each branch also took part. In future, they will take charge of providing coaching at the local level, that is integrated into routine business, and will be responsible for maintaining a high degree of awareness among employees. By the end of 2004 Dachser had replaced 650 curtain-sided trailers with modern steel box-bodies as an additional contribution to safety. Another advantage is that the new trailers can be loaded on two levels.

CARGO THEFT MUST BE COUNTERED

The theft of trucks and their cargo is increasing by 5% per year in the EU. Criminals target over 200,000 commercial vehicles per year today. Eurowatch is attempting to combat this trend by improving the reporting and tracing of stolen goods. The company recently organized a seminar in London for shippers and transport companies to raise awareness of the issue. The event focussed on topics such as modern methods of crime prevention, electronic load protection and other security methods. In the UK alone freight crime involves 7-8 vehicles a day representing losses of GBP 18-20 million per year.

In many cases the cost of indirect losses can be much higher than the direct ones. A Rand study carried out for 95 top high-tech industries

in the USA a few years ago illustrated the magnitude of the problem. It found that the ratio of indirect losses compared with direct losses was as much as five to one. Indirect losses comprise such factors as supply chain disruption, client relations, branding, gray and black market and theftreduction costs.

The fact that owners and logistics service providers are now spending a greater proportion of their budgets on combating crime does not compensate for factors such as negligent drivers — who for example leave a vehicle unattended with the key in the ignition. In addition there are numerous cases of theft which are not reported to the police. According to a security adviser for a leading pharmaceutical company the main weakness are the drivers themselves. Drivers can be targets of crime or actual accomplices. And ex-Scotland Yard man Tom G lendinning — who is now employed by the consulting institute Cargo Solutions — claimed that 80% of all crimes associated with freight pilferage is employee collusion.

Striking the right balance between establishing the threat of loss and its cost may not always be easy. Technology alone is not enough. However, some drivers may resent being monitored around the clock day in,

day out. Thus, more widespread adoption of telematic solutions in conjunction with mobile phones and recognized police reporting system could help curb future crime whilst offering greater protection to honest drivers. An increasing number of manufacturers who produce high value goods are setting specific standards for their transport suppliers.

Telematic solutions have taken longer than expected to be adopted by the commercial vehicle sector. This is due to the fact that the market is still too fragmented. System costs are still too high and will remain so as market consolidation is unlikely to occur in the next two to three years.

Ofthe 25-26 million vehicles in Europe only I % are equipped with tracking/positioning systems. However, as electronic toll collect technology is gradually being adopted, this will have positive knock-on effects in the vehicle telematics sector. At present some 10 to 12 million vehicles are to be equipped with the corresponding technology. By the year 2010, around 50 million trucks are expected to be fitted with read-

ing devices.

In the meantime Eurowatch provides a technologically neutral solution. A driver who becomes the victim of a crime can transfer his exact location by either GPS or mobile phone. Eurowatch which is now recognized in 29 countries, then establishes a direct contact with the local

police force. Only one single telephone number is needed and every driver

Unit 8

is able to communicate in his own language. The earlier the crime is reported the greater the chances of success fully catching the criminals and protecting the cargo.

Joining Eurowatch costs EUR 250 per year per vehicle. The company will be offering its services in Russia in the near future and is currently holding negotiations with the Russian authorities. In the start-up phase the system will only be adopted in the western (European) part of Russia.

TRUST IS GOOD, CONTROL IS BETTER

Containers go missing almost every day. In most cases the loss is not Ephysical but caused by incorrect data entry in a container inventory. Such ntory ortemporary losses may be difficult to identify, but at some point, missing container number will be entered into the control system as ing been physically located and the system will then start to account

for that unit again.

Far more difficult to control is the calculated and deliberate physical theft of containers by well organized gangs. Theft continues to occur in targe or small ways all over the world and often the container owners feel that it is impossible to combat. It is only when there is a concentration of container theft in a particular area that a need is perceived to do something about it.

As with inventory control, when matters will not correct themselves, some checks and balances need to be put in place to help reduce the occurrence of theft. It is most likely that theft will occur prior to the export of a consignment as the boxes are empty and there is no cargo to account for.

The following items set out by the British transport insurer TT Club are not exhaustive but may be of some use in combating container theft. A genuine customer should not object to these checks. The following measures should be taken when marking cargo export bookings:

* perform industry or financial checks on new customers.

•If customer checks have been performed or the customer is well-known to you but the haulier is not, then contact the customer for verification of the haulier. A combination of new customer and unknown haulier should be treated with suspicion.

*Treat targe bookings for multiple containers, especially refrigerated units, wish susptoon.

•where; multiple containers are requested, logistics departments should not arrange the dispatch of more than one container at a time, and

the subsequent units should be held until the earlier units have been returned loaded.

•Change for any unusual extension of delivery period (free time), or be prepared to refuse extension.

•Be aware of customers who suddenly change their normal trade patterns. This may indicate a long-term fraudulent set up. If such a change is made, then carry out the check items above.

The following points should be taken into account when delivering import freight:

•Where a through bill of lading has been issued there are some options to ensure return of the container. The carrier should have control over the transport that can be used for the inland delivery, either owned or contracted.

•Containers should not be off-loaded from the vehicle at customer's premises without special permission.

•Particular care should be taken when the contents of a container are destined for more than one delivery address.

Besides observing these security measures, all container numbers should be properly recorded in logistics system and the haulier and consignee details shown against the container for reference. In the case of non-return of the container, this will provide the.authorities with a sensitive starting point for their inquiries. Computer system audit trails are essential to combat container theft.

Theft should be simple to identify but what then is "mysterious disappearance"? As far as the TT Club is concerned it is something for which

there is no explanation. The most usual example is a shortfall found on taking inventory: something which according to stock-lists should be there

but simply is not.

There is no record ofthe item having been removed from stock and there has been no occurrence, such as a break-in, which could explain the loss.

The TT Club is one ofthe international transport and logistics industry's leading providers of insurance and related risk management services.

Established in 1968, the Club's membership comprises ship operators, ports and terminals, road, rail and airfreight operators, logistics companies and container lessors.

claim v *- требовать

They claimed compensation, make a claim on smb. — предъ­ являть претензию

submit a claim (to) - пода­ вать жалобу

The Consignee made a claim on the Carrier for damage, claimant - истец

7.deny v - отрицать; отказы­ ваться

Justice mustn't be denied to anyone.

He was so poor that he had to deny himself many ofthe comforts of life.

8.exempt adj — освобожден­ ный; свободный; изъятый The whole consignment was exempt from import duties.

9.damage n - ущерб, вред, повреждение

damages pi. — возмещение ущерба, убытков

agreed and liquidated dam­ ages — Согласованные (или оговоренные) и заранее оцененные убытки, неус­ тойка

The damage to the goods oc­ curred in transit.

The Surveyor estimated the damages.

They claimed agreed and liq­ uidated damages.

10.reimbursement л — оплата; возмещение

reimburse v — возвращать, возмещать, оплачивать They claimed reimbursement.

Who'll reimburse us for our expenses?

11.defendant n - ответчик The trial was put off because the defendant didn't arrive.

12.equal adj — равный

The reimbursement was equal to $ 750.

13.liability n — ответственность (финансовая)

be liable for v — быть ответ­ ственным, нести финансо­ вую ответственность

The liability ofthe parties to the contract was defined by the court.

Who is liable for the damage?

14.amount л — сумма; количе­ ство

amount to v — Достигать, составлять (в сумме) They didn't reimburse the whole amount immediately.

15.proof n — доказательство prove v — доказывать There was no proof of his be­ ing guilty.

His guilt was deafly proved.

16.present v - представлять Ср. introduce

The documents presented at the court were found irrelevant. A new product has just been introduced into the market.

17.ladder л-лестница

18.insure v - страховать insurer л — страховщик insurance л — страхование insurant л = insured — стра­ хователь

220

Lloyds are the world's most famous marine insurers. The insurant is always guar­ anteed against money loss.

19.determine v — I) определять;

2)решать, принимать ре­ шение

determination п - 1) опреде­ ление; 2) решимость, наме­ рение

They wanted us to determine the amount of the claim. The determination ofthe dam­ ages didn't take long.

20.contents л pi — содержи­ мое; содержание

Why was it difficult to deter­ mine the contents ofthe case?

21.supply n — предложение

{товаров и услуг)

supply v — снабжать, по­ ставлять

supplier л — поставщик Who supplies you with spare parts?

— Do you know what D/S means?

— Sure. Demand and supply.

22.write off v — списывать write-off л — списание

Is it possible to write off our debts?

23.crush v — давить, дробить The case was crushed and we had to write off the contents.

24.survey v — осматривать, де­ лать обзор

surveyor n — оиеншик стра­ хового общества {сюрвей­

ер)

Unite

The surveyor was not present therefore the damage could not be substantiated by sur­ vey report.

25.investigate v — расследо­ вать

investigation л — расследо­ вание

The investigation ofthe case could have been completed last month.

26.speed up v — ускорять

If you want to speed up de­ livery, the contract should be signed now.

27.threat n — угроза

28.hefty adj разг. — большой, здоровенный

29.grant л — дар, пожалование; грант

take for granted — прини­ мать как само собой разу­ меющееся

30.bear v (bore, borne) — нести

31.liability л — ответствен ность, обязанность

32.lash v — связывать, привя­ зывать, закреплять

33.curve п — изгиб, поворот до­ роги; вираж

34.braking л — торможение

35.compose v — составлять

{предложение и т.п.)

be composed of — состоять из...

36.looseнесвязанный, не­ упакованный

37.frustrate v — расстраивать; срывать, нарушать

38.jail л — тюрьма

Transport and Law

39.attach v — прикреплять; прилагать

40.slip-resistant adj—противо- скользкий

41.sack л — мешок

42.frictional adj — фрикцион­ ный

43.awareness л — осведомлен­ ность

44.curtain-sided adj — зашто­ ренный по бокам

45.criminal л — преступник

46.target л — мишень, цель

47.attempt л — попытка

48.crime л — ггреступление

49.prevention л — предотвра­ щение, предупреждение

50.magnitude п — величина; размеры

51.ratio л — отношение, коэф­ фициент; пропорция; со­ отношение

52.disruption п - подрыв, срыв

53.negligent adj — небрежный, халатно относящийся к делу

54.unattended adj — оставлен­ ный без присмотра

55.ignition л — зажигание, за­ мок зажигания

56.accomplice л — соучастник

57.collusion л — тайный сговор

58.resent v — негодовать, воз­ мущаться

59.adoption л - принятие

60.conjunction л — соединение, связь

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61.curb v — обуздывать, сдер­ живать

62.whilst adv- в то время, как

63.solution л — решение; раз­ решение (проблемы и т.п.)

64.fragmented adj - разрознен­ ный

65.fit with v — оборудовать, снабжать

66.device п — приспособление, устройство

67.victim п — жертва

68.transfer V — переводить, пе­ редавать

69.deliberate adj — намерен­ ный, осознанный

70.gang л - банда

7,1. perceive v-понимать, осоз­ навать

72.occurrence п—случай, про­ исшествие

73.exhaustive adj - исчерпы­ вающий

74.genuine adj - истинный, подлинный

75.object v — возражать

76.suspicion л — подозрение

77.subsequent adj—последую­ щий

78.fraudulent adj - обманный, мошен нический

79.observe v — наблюдать, со­ блюдать

80.inquiry л — наведение спра­ вок; запрос