1_IZUChENIE_INOSTRANNOGO_YaZYKA_ (1)

4. Переведите на английский язык:

Летучесть, без запаха, различаться по свойствам, сладкий на вкус, легко растворим в воде, хрупкое вещество, в чистом виде, инородное вещество, прозрачный, точки кипения и плавления.

5. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму Passive или Active Voice ,а затем в форму прошедшего и будущего времени

1)Substances...(differ) in their properties.

2)Sugar ... (be) a hard brittle substance.

3)It ....(have) a specific gravity 1,58 g/cc.

4)Sugar ....(turn) brown when heated.

5)The properties of a substances .....(depend) on small admixtures of foreing substances.

6)If a drop of milk ....(add) to water , water ....(become) clouded.

7)If a drop of inc.....(add) to water, water ....(change) its colour.

8)Pink particles of feldspar ....(see) in granite.

6.Переведите на русский язык:

1)About one volume of carbon dioxide dissolves in one volume of water at room temperature.

2)An elementary substance is the one which consists of only one kind of atoms.

3)One can obtain hydrogen by decomposing water by electrolysis.

4)One must study chemistry in order to know the composition of matter.

5)One can show that hydrogen does not support burning.

6)In order to learn the properties of a substance one must have it in its pure form.

7.Составьте предложение из данных слов:

1)By, are, substances, their, distinguished, properties.

2)Turns, when, sugar, it is, brown, heated.

3).Is, transparent, pure, both, and, water, colourless.

4)The properties, small, of, may change, admixtures, foreign substances, of a substance.

5)Coloured, if, is added, water, a drop of ink, becomes.

6)See, is, heterogeneous, that, a substance, one, at once, may.

11

L E S S O N F O U R

WATER

Water is a compound which consists of two elements hydrogen and oxygen. It can be decomposed by the electric current. By decomposing water two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen are obtained. That water is a compound may be shown by the reaction water and some metals. At ordinary temperature, pure water is a tasteless, odorless and colourless liquid. We know that water boils at 100ºC under 760 mm pressure. The greater the pressure, the higher the boiling point, the less the pressure, the lower the boiling point. Stream of water vapor is an invisible colourless gas that condenses to a visible cloud of small participles when it comes in contact with the atmosphere.

Liquid water freezes at 0ºC into crystalline ice. The expansion of water when it is cooled from 4º to a 0º is very small. When the water on the surface cools it contracts. The heavier cold water sinks and warm water rises. This circulation cools the temperature of the whole body of water down to 4º.

The specific gravity of ice at 0º varies with its mode of formation. The molecules in a liquid are much closer together than it is in case with gases and they have powerful intermolecular forces. The molecules in the body of the liquid are attracted by the other molecules in all directions.

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1)What elements does water consist of?

2)In what way can water be decomposed?

3)What is obtained by decomposing water?

4)In what way can it be shown that water is a compound substance?

5)What are the properties of water at ordinary temperature?

6)At what temperature and under what pressure does water boil?

7)Is stream a visible gas?

8)When does stream condense to a visible cloud?

9)At what temperature does water freeze?

10)What is the expansion of water when it is cooled from 4º to 0º?

11)What does the specific gravity of ice at 0º depend on?

12)Where are the molecules closer together in a liquid or in a gas?

13)What are the molecules in the body of the liquid attracted by?

2. Переведите на русский язык:

1)compound

2)to consist of

3)to be decomposed by electric current

4)reaction between water and some metals

5)at ordinary temperature

12

6)at 100 C under 760mm. pressure

7)the greater pressure, the higher the boiling point

8)to come in contact with atmosphere

9)to freeze

10)from 4 C to 0

11)powerful intermolecular forces

12)to be attracted by the other molecules

3. Вставьте пропущенные слова:

intermolecular, sinks, invisible, consists, electric current, oxygen, visible, rises, closer, freezes.

1)Water ..... of two elements hydrogen and ..... .

2)It can be decomposed by the ..... .

3)Steam is an ..... gas that condenses to a ..... cloud.

4)Liquid water ..... at 00C.

5)The heavier cold water ..... and the warm water ..... .

6)The molecules in a liquid are much ..... together then gases.

7)Powerful ..... forces are present in the liquid

4. Поставьте сказуемое в форму passive voice.

1)Water consists of two elements hydrogen and oxygen.

2)You can use electric current to decompose water.

3)By decomposing water it is possible to obtain 2 volumes of H2 and 1 volume of O2.

4)The reaction between water and some metals may show that water is a compound.

5)Powerful intermolecular forces attract the molecules in the body of the liquid..

5. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам:

1)Liquid water freezes at 0 C.

2)The expansion of water when it is cooled is very small.

3)The molecules in the body of the liquid are attracted by the other molecules.

4)We know that water boils at 100 C under 760 mm pressure.

5)Water consists of two elements: hydrogen and oxygen.

6)At ordinary temperature pure is tasteless, odorless and colorless liquid.

6. Переведите на русскийязык:

1) It is often necessary to determine what weight of some substance is required or produced in a given reaction.

13

2)It is often convenient to divide the elements into two general groups: metals and non-metals.

3)It is not only when in a state of solution that an electrolyte conducts the electric current; it conducts it also when fused.

4)It is owing to the carbon monoxide it contains that coal gas is so poisonous.

5)The oxide of magnesium is not so soluble as that of sodium.

6)The most common solutions are those of solids in liquids.

7)That water is a compound was proved at the end of the 18-th century.

8)The reaction opposite to that of oxidation is reduction.

9)At too low temperature the reactions are so slow that they are of no practical value.

10)Any substance that has lost oxygen or gained hydrogen is reduced.

14

P a r t 2

L E S S O N O N E

Grammar: The Passive Voice

Формы английского глагола в страдательном залоге

Be + V3 (be + done)

Сравнительный анализ предложений в страдательном и действительном залоге

подлежащее сказуемое дополнение

The rate of chemical is influenced by many factors reactions

Passive voice

Many factors influence the rate of chemical reactions

Active voice

1 Transform the sentences in the active voice into the passive voice according to the model.

Model:

1.We may changer chemical energy into electrical in an electrical cell.

2.Chemical energy may be changer into electrical in an electrical cell.

1.Our researches carried out an experiment on comparing the redox behaviour of the substances obtained.

2.They repeated the experiment with several acids and alkalis.

15

3.We can show this information in the from of the following energy diagrams.

4.They work out an average value for the released per % of fuel.

5.They have calculated the amount of heat absorbed by water.

6.They burnt the some mass of the same fuel in each experiment.

7.We can use equations to calculate volumes of gaseous reactants and products.

8.We are investigating the properties of these substances in our laboratory.

9.The diagram represents, in schematic form, the products normally produced by the fuel combustion.

10.The iron displaces the copper of the compound.

11.A metal will displace another metal below it in the reactivity serious. 12.WE use this reaction for the usual laboratory preparation of chlorine.

3 Translate into Russian. What do the sentences of each group (A, B, C, D) have in common? Analyze peculiarities of translation English sentences in the passive voice into Russian.

A.

1.Many substances are oxidized in the open air.

2.This experiment will be made in the laboratory of organic chemistry/

3.A new compound was obtained in this experiment.

4.Pure water is never met in nature.

5.The article was published in the journal last year.

6.The research work of our department is widely published and recognised throughout the world.

B.

1.This book was written by a famous scientist.

2.The report will be made by one of the outstanding specialist in this field…

3.The lectures on nanochemistry are delivered by professor Smirnov, a doctor of chemical science.

4.The invention was made by research workers of our department.

5.Paper was invented by the Chinese in the first century AD.

C.

1.The environmental issuer are much written in the Internet.

2.This article is often referred to.

3.Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table is spoken of as the greatest discovery in chemistry.

4.His report is much spoken about.

5.The new device was looked at with a great interest.

6.The article is often referred to.

16

1.The question will be answered later.

2.Hydrogen is followed by helium

3.The conference was attended by many foreign scientists.

4.Molecules of metal are joined by oxygen atoms.

5.The rate of chemical reaction is affected by many factors.

6.The solubility of chemical substances is influenced by temperature.

7.The discovery of neutron was succeeded by great achievements in the atomic theory.

FERTILIZERS

A fertilizer is a chemical substance which contains plant food. Plants take many different foods from the soil. But they often need more nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium than it supplies. So these substances are given in fertilizers.

Some fertilizers are prepared from natural substances found in the Earth’s surface and mined for this purpose. Some are made in fertilizer factories and some are the waste products, by-products of the manufacture of other compounds.

Although plants need nitrogen, they do not take it from the soil as pure nitrogen. They take nitrogen compounds, that is, nitrogen combined with other elements. Therefore, all nitrogenous fertilizers are compounds, such as calcium nitrate, sodium nitrate, etc. Sodium nitrate comes from great mines in Chile, South America, and other countries. Sulphate of ammonia is the most widely used of these fertilizers. Different amounts of these nitrogenous fertilizers are applied to different crops.

Phosprous is also taken in as a compound. The most common phosphatic fertilizer is superphosphat. It is prepared from the calcium phoshate that is mined in Russia, North Africa and the United States.

Potash containing potassium is also one of important fertilizers.

1. Ответьте на вопросы

1). What is a fertilizer?

2). Why are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium given in fertilizers? 3). In what ways are fertilizers prepared?

4). Which is the most common phosphatic fertilizer?

5). In what countries is calcium phosphate mined?

6). What element necessary for plants does potash contain?

17

2. Подберите соответствующий перевод следующих словосочетаний

A. 1. a chemical substance which contains plant food; 2. fertilizer factories;

3. waste products of the manufacture of other compounds; 4. nitrogen combined with other elements; 5. the most common phosphatic fertilizer

B. а) заводы по производствуминеральных удобрений ; б) химическое соединение, содержащее питание для растений; в) наиболее часто используемое удобрение ; г) азот в соединении с другими веществами; д) отходы от производства других соединений

3. Определите к каким частямречи относятся следующие cлова:

fertilizer, chemical, surface, apply, need, soil, widely, basic, purpose, crops

4. Найдите синонимы

supply, therefore, prepare, call, use, common, provide, quantity, call, different, thus, amount, usual, various, apply, name, obtain

3.Вставьтепропущенныеслова:

pure, soil, substance ,natural ,amounts, common, widely,

1)The most . . . . phosphatic fertilizer is superphosphat.

2)Plants take many different foods from the …

3)Some fertilizers are obtained from ... substances found in the Earth’s crust.

4)Plants do not take. . .. . nitrogen from soil.

5)Different ……… of fertilizers are applied to different crops.

6)Sulphate of ammonia is the most . . . . . . used among nitrogenous fertilizers.

7)A fertilizer is a chemical . . . . which contains plant food.

4. Найдите в текстепредложения встрадательном залоге

18

L E S S O N TWO

ALUMINIUM

Although aluminium is the most abundant element in the world, comprising some 8 per cent of the Earth’s crust, it is now produced commercially only from bauxite. Large deposit of bauxite occur in many parts of the world. Unlike some of the common metals, aluminium cannot be produced directly from its ore because of the impurities present in it.

For this reason the ore must be first refined to exclude the impurities. This refining operation produces alumina (aluminium oxide ) of high purity, from which pure metallic aluminium is obtained.

Aluminim is produced by electrolysis of a solution of alumina. Molten aluminium is deposited on the bottom of the cell.

Chemically, aluminium ordinarily has a valence of 3+, and may be either acid-forming or base-forming. Thus, with the common acids it forms salts, such as chloride, nitrate and sulphate. With strong bases it forms aluminates. In aluminates (NaAlO, KaAlO ), the aluminium oxide forms the acid part .

The most important compound of aluminium is the oxide AlO. This exists in several crystalline forms. The most common and most important of them is corundum. Its extreme hardness makes it useful as abrasive, for grinding wheels and emery powders. Most of corundum used in every wheels is made synthetically by smelting bauxite with carbon in a electric furnace. Transparent red and blue corundum crystals are precious stones known as ruby and sapphire.

Rubies are now obtained artificially by fusing alumina in an electric furnace. They can be used not only for decoration but for technical purposes, such as for manufacture of precision instruments parts, etc.

1. Ответьmе на вопросы:

1)What is aluminium produced from?

2)Where do large deposits of bauxite occur?

3)Can aluminium be directly produced from its ore?

4)Must the ore first be refined?

5)By what method can separating the metal from its oxide be accomplished?

6)Where is molten aluminium deposited?

7)What salts does aluminium form with common acids?

8)What is the most important compound of aluminium?

9)In what forms does aluminium oxide exist?

10)Where is corundum used?

11)How is synthetic corundum made?

12)What are transparent red and blue corundum crystals called?

19

2. Подберите соответствующий перевод следующих словосочетаний:

А. 1.the most abundant metal in the world; 2.to produce commercially; 3. to occur in many parts of the world; 4. to produce directly from the ore; 5. high-grade bauxite;

6. to exclude impurities; 7. the most important compound; 8. to obtain artificially; 9. manufacture of precision instruments parts; 10. nontransparent crystals; 11. to be used for special purposes; 12. grinding wheels and emery powders

B. а) шлифовальные круги и наждачные порошки; б) производить в промышленных масштабах; в) самый распространенный металл в мире; г) получать непосредственно из руды; д) исключать примеси; е) получать искусственным путем; ж) высококачественный боксит;

з) встречаться во многих частях мира; и) наиболее важное соединение.

3. Вставьте пропущенные слова: occur, abundant, technical, crystalline, purity.

1)Large deposits of bauxite . . . . . . in many parts of the world.

2)Pure metallic aluminium is obtained from aluminium oxide of high . . . .

3)Aluminium oxide exists in several . . . . . . . . . forms.

4)Rubies are used not only for decoration, but for . . . . . purposes.

5)Aluminium is the most . . . .. . element in the world, comprising about 8 per cent of the Earth’s crust.

4.Найдитеантонимы

nontransparent, strong, metallic, directly, pure, weak, low, acid-forming, impure, transparent, high, nonmetallic, indirectly

5. Определите к каким частям речи относятся следующие cлова:

impurities, pure, purify, purity, impure, molten, abundant, abundance, crystal, crystalline, crystallize, acid, a cidic, acidify , refine, purpose , common

6. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы

20