Answer the questions:
What are primary cosmic rays and where can they be found?
What do we call secondary rays?
Why were cosmic rays unrecognized until the end of the last century?
What was the discovery of the existence of cosmic radiation connected with?
What was clear from the experimental result?
When was the existence of cosmic radiation generally accepted?
What is the distinctive feature of cosmic rays?
Exercises
I. Translate the following words paying attention to the prefixes.
demobilize, decode, deform, demagnetize, demilitarize, foresee, foretell, forecast.
II. Translate the sentences paying attention to the verbs in bold type
encounter
1. Once a solid propellant motor is ignited, it is difficult to turn it off, a limitation not encountered in the liquid propellant engine.
2. When radiant energy encounters a body or matter, part of the energy is stopped or absorbed by the matter.
3. An object becomes weightless when it is free to move through space without encountering resistance.
impart
4. The final stage of this multiple-rocket will impart roughly fifty per cent of the required velocity to the satellite itself.
5. In the case of a rocket, the greatest possible quantity of thermal energy must be imparted to the matter ejected.
6. Our only interest in the jet forces concerns the accelerations, both linear and angular, that they impart to the rocket.
eliminate
7. In order to eliminate the drag of the landing gear during the flight, the wheels are usually retracted into the body of wings.
8. In the principle of momentum the internal forces are eliminated; in the principle of energy they are not eliminated, except in the special case where they do no work and so contribute nothing to weight.
III. Translate the sentences paying attention to the adverbs: finally, ultimately, and eventually
1. Table II shows the complete series of radioactive elements, from uranium through radium and radon finally to lead which is not radioactive.
2. Heat produced by a radioisotope power system must eventually be radiated from the vehicle.
3. Some specialists believe that we shall ultimately have to depend on the radiant energy that we receive directly from the Sun.
4. Mendeleyev left blank spaces in his table predicting that eventually the missing elements would be found and described their properties.
IV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meanings of the verbs in bold type
recognize
1. That some force is necessary to hold the planets in their elliptical orbits had been recognized before Newton.
2. That kinetic energy could be turned into potential energy was recognized in the early days of mechanics.
3. Radar has been defined as the art of detecting by means of radio echoes the presence of objects, determining their direction and range and recognizing their character.
4. The technician of an airplane must have sufficient knowledge of the system to enable him to recognize and meet the electrical emergencies that may occur during flight.
arrive
5. The delegation arrived just in time to take part in the conference.
6. In general celestial mechanics arrives at its results by making use of a very far-reaching simplification.
V. Translate the sentences. Mind the difference in the meanings of the verbs “to effect” and “to affect”.
1. The decrease of density of the air affects the power of the engine.
2. Some mechanism is needed to inject the propellant into combustion chamber, and this is effected by the pressurization of the propellant tanks.
3. The intensity of the cosmic ray radiation is greatly affected by solar activity.
4. Protons, being positively charged particles, can be affected by electric as well as magnetic fields.
5. Radioisotope thermionic systems are unaffected by space radiation.
VI. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type.
Example:
thereafter: після цього
therefrom: з цього
1. The high-velocity jet from a jet engine may be considered as a continuous recoil imparting force against the airplane in which the engine is installed, thereby producing thrust.
2. Scientists had to put forward various hypothesis to account for the movements of planets therewith.
3. A molecule is a complicated structure with atoms and electrons therein.
4. When the primary cosmic rays strike the air surrounding the earth, they collide with oxygen and nitrogen molecules in their paths, showers of secondary particles being produced thereafter.
5. We can study only a very small class of meteor orbits, and to draw therefrom conclusions about the whole assemblage of meteoric bodies in the solar system.
VII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meanings of the adjective “apparent”.
1. In recent years the value of infra-red analytical methods has become apparent to industry.
2. If energy changes are followed backward in the past, it becomes apparent that almost all the energy available to us has come ultimately from a single source – the Sun.
3. Centrifugal force is only an apparent force, which arises because of the tendency of moving objects to travel in straight lines.
4. Apparent movements of the planets are explained as combinations of their actual motions around the Sun and our shift of position as the Earth moves.
VIII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words of the same root.
1. On the occasions when the Moon passes directly before or behind the Earth, an eclipse occurs.
2. Today a motor-car engine will run thousand of miles without needing any attention to the engine apart from occasional oiling.
3. That water exists on Mars is indicated by the white polar caps and by occasional clouds, but its amount is very small.
4. Most comets are visible only telescopically, but occasionally one becomes visible to the unaided eye.
IX. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meanings of the preposition “by”
1. If the thrust generated by the jet engine is independent of the forward speed of the aircraft, we could convert the thrust to horsepower by multiplying the airspeed in miles per hour by the thrust and dividing the resultant product by 375.
2. By 1914 the existence of radioactivity and the fact that atoms of one kind of element could change into another by emission of alpha or beta rays was well known.
3. By Newton’s Second Law of motion, the product of a mass multiplied by its acceleration is equal to the unbalanced force causing the acceleration.