- •Unit 2. Computer architecture
- •Vocabulary Bank Unit 2
- •Introductory reading
- •Text a. Computer architecture
- •Post-reading Activity
- •Text 2b
- •Cache memory
- •How a disk cache works
- •Grammar review.
- •Past forms.
- •Present perfect and past simple
- •I have done I did
- •Present perfect continuous and present perfect
- •I have been doing I have done
- •Grammar Exercises
- •Speaking/writing
Past forms.
Past Simple
Образование временной формы:
В утвердительных предложенияx используется глагол с окончанием –ed (regular verbs) или глагол во второй форме (irregular verbs (have-had, go-went, see-saw).
I played football yesterday. He went to Italy last summer.
В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях используется вспомогательный глагол did/didn’t.
When did Churchill live? We didn’t learn astronomy at school.
Использование
Past Simple используется при описании:
действий, которые начались и закончились в определенный момент в прошлом – I finished school in 1998.
постоянно повторяющихся действий и привычек в прошлом- Leonardo painted in his studio every day.
последовательных событий при повествовании - Oliver heard the sound of a bell. Soon afterwards, the door softly opened.
Слова и выражения в Past Simple
Yesterday, on Tuesday, in 1754, last night, at 6.30, in January, last week, an hour ago, last year, after that
Past Continuous
Образование временной формы:
В утвердительных предложениях используется вспомогательный глагол was/were и форма причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle (verb+ing))
I was doing my homework at 8pm yesterday. We were cooking when Dad came home.
В вопросительной форме глагол was/were ставиться перед подлежащим
Werе you working last night?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после was/were.
I was not (wasn’t) working.
Использование
Past Continuous употребляется:
для выражения временного действия, которое длилось в определенный момент прошлом - I was playing in the garden at ten o’clock.
для описания 2 длительных действий происходящих одновременно в прошлом- While Cortes was talking to the emperor, his army was taking over the palace.
Для описания длительного действия в прошлом, которое было прервано другим действием – While we were doing the maths test, the fire alarm went off.
Слова и выражения в Past Continuous
While, at that moment, the whole evening, all day long, at five o’clock yesterday evening, as, when.
Past Perfect
Образование временной формы:
В утвердительных предложениях используется вспомогательный глагол had и глагол в форме Past Participle
I had finished/ He had left.
В вопросительной форме глагол had ставиться перед подлежащим
Had he left? Had you finished?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола had (had not/hadn’t).
We hadn’t found anything
Использование
Past Perfect употребляется
Для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом – He had finished his work by six o’clock yesterday.
Для выражения действия, которое произошло в прошлом и результат этого действия также в прошлом – he hаd broken his leg, so he couldn’t walk.
Слова и выражения в Past Perfect
For, since, already, after, just, never, yet, before, by, by the time, etc.
Past Perfect Continuous
Образование временной формы:
В утвердительных предложениях используется вспомогательный глагол had been и глагол в форме Past Participle.
I had been working/ He had been living.
В вопросительной форме глагол had ставиться перед подлежащим
Had he been living? Had you been working?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола had (had not/hadn’t).
We hadn’t been using that car.
Использование
Past PerfectContinuous употребляется
Для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, начавшегося ранее другого прошедшего действия и еще происходившего в момент его наступления- It had been raining for 2 hours when I left home.
Для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, которое закончилось непосредственно перед моментом наступления другого прошедшего действия - He felt very tired when he came home as he had been playing football.
Примечание: С глаголами, не употребляющимися во временах группы Continuous (to be, to have, to know, to love, etc.) вместо Past Perfect Continuous употребляется Past Perfect- He had been ill for several days when I called on him.
Слова и выражения в Past Perfect Continuous
For, since.
Конструкция used to используется для выражения повторявшихся действии, привычек и состояний в прошлом, которая переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем несовершенного вида, часто с наречием обычно.
We used to go to Italy every summer. Раньше мы каждое лето ездили в Италию.
She used to have short hair. Раньше она обычно носила короткие
Вопросительная и отрицательная формы обычно образуются при помощи вспомогательного
глагола did.
I didn’t use to like cheese but I do now. Раньше я не любил сыр, а теперь люблю.
Did you use to call your parents every day? Вы обычно звонили своим родителям каждый день?
В предложениях, в которых отсутствуют повторявшиеся действие, а действие единоразование, вместо конструкции used to используется Past Simple.
Last summer I went to Paris. Прошлым летом я съездил в Париж.
Present perfect and past simple
I have done I did
1.Действие, совершившееся в прошлом
без точного указания времени.
I have bought a new car.
2. Действие, которое продолжается до
сих пор.
I have been a clerk for two years.
3. Говорим новость в первый раз.
I have found your keys.
4. Период не закончился.
I haven’t done any work this afternoon.
(сказано днем)
1.Действие завершилось в прошлом с
точным указанием времени.
Iboughtthiscartenyearsago.
2. Действие, которое завершилось в
прошлом, никакой связи с настоящим.
I was a clerk for seven years.
3. Уточняем, спрашиваем или даем допол-
нительную информацию.
Thanks. Where did you find them?
4. Период закончился.
I didn’t do any work this afternoon.
(сказано вечером)
Present perfect continuous and present perfect
I have been doing I have done
Длительное действие, которое началось
в прошлом и продолжается до сих пор.
Законченное действие, когда нас
интересует результат.
Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Put the verbs into present simple or past simple.
Tommy Brown 1) _____is_____ (be) a real story-teller. No one 2) _____________(believe) what he 3) ___________(say) because he always 4) _________________(tell) lies. He 5)______________ (live) in a small village and 6) ______________(work) on a farm near his village.
One night last week Tommy 7) _______________(finish) work late. It 8) ______________(be) dark and cold. Suddenly he 9) ________________ (hear) a strange noise so he 10) ___________ (look up). It 11) _____________(be) a UFO with bright flashing lights. It 12) ___________ (come down) towards him and he 13) ________________ (see) two green men looking at him. He 14) _______________ (scream), 15) ________________ (drop) his bag and 16) ___________ (run away).
When he 17) ______________ (arrive) at the village he 18) ______________ (meet) some villagers and 19) _________________ (start) to tell them the news but they all 20) ___________ (laugh) at him. No one 21) _________________(believe) Tommy.
Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form. (present simple, past simple, present continuous)
1. He often ___________brings_________________________(bring) me flowers.
2. _________________________(you / meet) Paul yesterday?
3. Father ______________________________________ (work) in the garden now.
4. What _______________________________________ (you / do) at the moment?
5. Mr Jones __________________________ (paint) his house last month.
6. He ________________________ (go) to school on foot every day.
7. It _______________________ (be) hot yesterday.
8. The baby ____________________________________________ (not / sleep) now.
9. He never _________________________________________________ (drive) fast.
10. I ____________________(not / take) John to school yesterday because he wasn’t well.
11. Planes _____________(take off) and ______________(land) at Heathrow all day.
12. “Where is Mike?” “He ________________(stay) with his grandmother this weekend.
13. I _________________ (not / like) peanut butter.
14. “What time ______________________ (your plane / leave)?” “At 7.45.”
15. At what time __________________________ (the play / begin) last night?
16. “What ______________________(you / read)?” “It’s a book by Barbara Cartland.”
17. “ ______________________(you / play) the piano?” “No, I don’t.”
18. Dennis Johnson ____________(work) for an insurance company.
19. Mr Baker _______________(come) home at 6 pm last night.
20. Uncle Victor is 88 years old. He _________(see) everything and _________(do) everything.
21. Dennis _______________(not / like) his work much.
22. Last week he _____________(sell) his car and _____________(buy) a new one.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentence with the past simple form of the verb in brackets. Then decide if each sentence is True or False. Check the factual answers after the exercise.
1) Greek actors (wear) wore masks and special boots. True
2) Spartan children (take)………………. baths only two or three times a year.
3) The philosopher Socrates (drink)……………. poison and died.
4) Alexander the Great's army (go)…………….. as far as China.
5) Heron of Alexandria (make)………………. a kind of jet engine.
6) The Roman Emperor Caligula's name (mean)……………… 'Happy Soldier'.
7) Roman mathematics (have)……………….. no zero.
8) Most Roman girls (get)………………. married at the age of 18.
9) Roman soldiers (pay)………………. for their own equipment and food.
10) The Romans (know)…………….. how to make soap and cement.
All true except: d the army went as far as India; f Caligula meant “Little Boot”; h girls married at 14.
Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets into past simple or past continuous.
1. When I ____________(come) home, my little sister ____________________(sleep).
2. When Kate _________(open) the door, the children_____________(dance) round the fir-tree.
3. He__________________ (read) on the sofa when Jill ____________ (come) in and
______________ (sit) down beside him.
4. She _________________(look) out of the window when I_______________ (see) her.
5. I ________________(walk) along the street with my friend when a tram _________(pass).
6. When I __________________(wash) the floor, I __________ (find) my old toy under the sofa.
7. When granny __________________ (read) a book on the sofa, she ____________(fall) asleep.
8. When Nick ___________(ring) me up yesterday, I __________________(help) my mother.
9. When Mike _____________________(play) in the yard, he _______________(find) a ball.
10. When I _______________(prepare) breakfast in the morning, I ___________(cut) my finger.
11. When I __________________(go) to the stadium, I _______________(meet) Kate and Ann.
12. When we ________________ (walk) up the hills it suddenly ______________(start) raining.
13. When they _______________(sail) down the river, they ______________(see) a little island.
14. I _______________(play) the piano when my mother ______________(ask) me for dinner.
Exercise 5. Underline the сorreсt word or phrase in eaсh sentence.
1) Whilе I wаshed/was washing my hair, thе phonе rang/ringed.
2) How did you felt/did уou feel yеstеrday aftеrnoon?
3) Whеn I got/wаs getting homе I reсeived/wаs reсeiving a phonе сall.
4) Last summеr I wаs going swimming/went swimming evеry wееkеnd.
5) Whеn thе dog bit/wаs biting Laura’s lеg, shе sсreаmed/wаs sсreаming.
6) Wе sаng/sung somе songs and thеn аte/eаt somе sandwiсhes.
7) Whеn уou fell/felt ovеr thе сliff, what hаppened/wаs happening nехt?
8) Whilе Мarу wаshed-up/wаs wаshing-up, she broke/wаs breаking a сup.
9) While he took / was taking a bath, Archimedes discovered / was discovering the principles of density and buoyancy.
10) When Edouard Benedictus, a French scientist, worked / was working in his laboratory, he dropped / was dropping a glass bottle which had some plastic inside - and invented / was inventing safety glass.
11) Columbus arrived / was arriving in America while he tried / was trying to reach the Far East.
12) Alexander Fleming discovered / was discovering penicillin by accident while he looked / was looking at some old experiments.
13) While Hiram Bingham climbed / was climbing in the mountains of Peru in 1911, he discovered/ was discovering the lost city of Macchu Picchu.
14) While Isaac Newton sat / was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell / was falling on his head, and he understood / was understanding gravity.
15) While Dr Harry Coover tried/ was trying to invent a new kind of plastic, he made
/ was making a very soft substance which stuck / was sticking things together. It was Super glue.
16) While he observed / was observing the Moon through his telescope, Galileo realized/ was realizing that it had mountains and craters.
17) I didn't sеe/sаw whеrе thе bus stop was, so I wаs missing/missed thе bus.
18) What did уou do/werе уou doing whеn I phonеd/wаs phoning you last night? Thеrе was no rеply.
Exercise 6. Open the brackets. Use past simple or past continuous.
1. I ______________(open) the shutters and_______________ (look) out. The car
__________________________(stand) where I had left it.
2. Suddenly I ____________(realize) that they _______________(not /pay) attention to me any
longer. They _____________________(mutter) something and all_________________ (look)
in the same direction. I ____________(turn) my head and __________________(look) where
they all ______________________(look). A man ___________________(come) slowly down
a steep little street that ______________________(lead) uphill between the house on my right.
3. On my left I ____________(see) the lights of the first house of the village. And I __________
(hurry) towards it through the wood when a sudden flash of light __________(make) me stop.
4. At that time I _______________________(look) for the job.
5. Miss Nobs ____________(not /see) him leave the house. At half past four she _____________
(make) herself a cup of tea in a small recess off the main corridor.
6. The idea first_______________ (occur) to me that afternoon as I _______________________
(back) the car into the garage.
7. I probably ____________(drop) the key when I ___________________(fish) for small change
in my bag at the news-stand.
8. All through the night I _______________(hear) them work, open drawers, drag cases over
the floor. They ______________________ (pack).
Exercise 7. Put the verbs in brackets into past perfect or past simple.
1. They ______________(eat) everything by the time I ______________(arrive) at the party.
2. Last night I _____________(arrive) home at half past twelve. I ___________(have) a bath
and then I ______________(go) to bed.
3. Nobody ___________(come) to the meeting because Ann _______________(forget) to tell
people about it.
4. When the police _________________(arrive), the car _________________(go).
4. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody __________________(go) to bed.
6. All the garages ________________(close) by the time we ______________(cross) the border.
7. I _____________(try) telephoning her several times but she _______________(leave) the city.
8. When we were on holiday, the weather ___________________(be) awful.
6. The car _______________(go) when I ___________________(look) into the street.
7. You already _____________________(leave) when the trouble ___________________(start).
8. When I _______________(find) the purse, someone _______________(take) money out of it.
9. We arrived at the cinema late. The film already ___________________(begin).
10. Richard already __________________(go) when his boss ________________(call).
11. He _________________(think) that he ___________________(lose) the money.
12. Last night we ___________(go) to a football match. We _________________(take) a bus.
13. He _______________(speak) a language we never ____________________(hear) before.
14. After spending several days in Paris he ____________(feel) lonely and _________________
(not want) to return home.
Exercise 8. Complete the sentence with the past simple or past perfect simple form of the verb in brackets.
1) When I (try)...tried.... to use my laptop, I realized the battery (run) …….. .....down.
2) I (turn) …………..the computer off, but forgot that I (not save)………… my work.
3) I only remembered I (not pay)…………. the bill when my Internet connection (stop)………………working.
4) When I (receive)…………. the e-mail, I couldn't understand who (send)……….. it.
5) When I (check)................. the instructions, I understood what I (do) ……………...
6) I knew I (receive) ………….. a virus when I (run) ……….. the anti-virus program.
7) As soon as I (download)…………….. the document, I knew I (make) ………….. a mistake.
8) I could see what (go)……………. wrong as soon as I (look)……….. inside the printer.
9) I knew I (press)……………… the wrong key when nothing (happen) ………………
10) When the screen (go)…………...blank, I couldn't understand how it (happen)…………..
Exercise 9. Put the verbs into past continuous, past perfect or past perfect continuous.
1. It was very noisy next door. Our neighbours __were having__ (have) a party.
2. We were good friends. We __________________(know) each other for years.
3. John and I went for a walk. I has difficulty keeping up with him because he
________________________ (walk) so fast.
4. Sue was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She ________________________(run).
5. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table with their mouths full. They
_________________________ (eat).
6. When I arrived, everybody was sitting round the table and talking. Their mouths were empty,
but their stomachs were full. They ________________________ (eat).
7. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He ______________________(look) his contact
lens.
8. When I arrived, Kate _______________________ (wait) for me. She was annoyed with me
because I was late and she _______________________________ (wait) for a long time.
9. I was sad when I sold my car. I ____________________ (have) it for a very long time.
10. We were extremely tired at the end of the journey. We ________________________ (travel)
for more than 24 hours.
Exercise 10. Put the verbs in brackets into present perfect or past simple.
1. Kevin _____has lost____ (lose) his key. He ____________ (leave) it on the bus yesterday.
2. I _________________ (not / play) tennis since I was at school but I ____________(be) very
good at it then.
3. Mr and Mrs Little _______________(visit) Egypt. They ______________(go) there on their
honeymoon in 1967.
4. A: ______________ you _______________ (not choose) a dress for the party next week yet?
B: Yes, I _________________ (buy) one yesterday.
5. A: ______________ you _______________ (not sell) your old car yet?
B: Yes, my cousin __________________________________ (give) me $600 for it last week.
6. I think our teacher ________________ (forget) about the test! He ______________ (not say)
anything about it in the last lesson!
7. Sarah ______________(break) her leg. She __________________(fall) off a horse last week.
8. We ________________ (sell) our house. Some people ________________(see) it last month
and __________________(buy) it.
9. I _________________(finish) decorating my room. I ________________(paint) it last week
and I _________________(put up) the new curtains last night
10. We ______________(know) Kate since last year. We ______________(meet) her at a party.
11. My friend is a writer. She _____________________________________(write) many books.
12. John works in a bookshop. He ___________________________(work) there for three years.
13. I _____________________________________(wash) my hair before breakfast this morning.
14. Shakespeare _______________________________________________(write) a lot of plays.
15. My brother _______________(write) a lot of plays. He _________________(just / finish) his
second tragedy.
16. I _______________(buy) a new house last year, but I __________________(not sell) my old
house yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
17. Mr Pound is the bank manager. He ___________________________(be) here for five years.
18. This bicycle __________(be) in our family for fourteen years. My father ____________(use)
it for the first five years, my brother ____________________(ride) it for the next five, and I
________________(have) it for the last four.
Exercise 11. Put the verbs in brackets into present perfect or present perfect continuous.
1. Look! Somebody ________________(break) the window.
2. I wonder if John _________________(forget) my number. I ___________________(expect)
him to call for the past two hours.
3. You look very upset. What _______________________(happen)?
4. You ____________________(not finish) that book yet? You _________________________
read it for more than a week.
5. The meat must be nearly ready. I _________________________(cook) it for nearly an hour.
6. What you _____________________(do) for the last two hours? - I _____________________
(sit) here working at this problem.
7. I ________________(lose) my key. Can you help me look for it?
8. My brother is an actor. He _____________________(appear in several films).
9. Sorry! I’m late. – That’s all right. I ___________________________(not wait) long.
10. She just __________________(sell) two of her paintings. – She’s lucky. I _______________
(paint) for 5 years and I ____________________(not sell) a single picture yet.
11. He _____________________(sleep) since ten o’clock. It’s time he woke up.
12. I __________________(pump) up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth?
13. That boy _______________ (eat) seven ice-creams.
14. That helicopter ____________________ (fly) round the house for the last hour; do you think
it’s taking photographs?
15. We ___________________ (walk) ten kilometers.
16. We ________________________(walk) for three hours.
17. I _____________________(work) for him for ten years and he never once say “Good
morning” to me.
18. The radio _____________________(play) since 7 a.m. I wish someone would turn it off.
19. He __________________(study) English for two years and doesn’t even know the alphabet
yet.
Exercise 12. Complete the sentence with used to + the verb in brackets in positive, negative or question form.
1) What things (be) …..used to be…. different in the past?
2) For a start, all the continents (form) ………… . one large land mass.
3) Obviously, there (be) …………… cities and buildings, and forest covered a third of the Earth.
4) The climate was different, and animals such as the hippopotamus and rhinoceros (exist) ………………..in northern Europe.
5) Many mountains in Europe (be) …………………..active volcanoes.
6) Early people (live) …………..in complex societies, but in small groups in places
where they could find food.
7) What (eat) .. ………………. ? They (eat)……………. whatever they could find.
8) Early people (stay) .. ................... in the same place, but (travel)…………….. long
distances, following the animals they needed for food.
9)Jaсk (havе).. .............a bеard but hе shavеd it off.
10) My mothеr (rеad) ............... to mе еvеry night.
11) In thе holidays wе (mееt) .......................... at thе bеaсh еvеry morning.
12) I (not likе) .................... spinaсh, but now I do.
13) Неlеn (writе) ………………….... to mе oftеn, but now shе phonеs.
14) Tina (livе) ................................ in thе housе oppositе.
15) Whеn I was young, thе summеrs (bе) …………..... warmеr.
16) Whеnеvег our tеaсhеr lеt us lеavе еarly, wе (сhееr) ……………………..!
Exercise 13. Underline the correct form.
1) When the police stopped / were stopping Smith's car for a routine check, they realized that he was the man who robbed / had robbed the bank.
2) I woke up in the middle of the night and turned on / was turning on the light. Someone or something climbed / was climbing in my window!
3) Unfortunately Jan arrived / was arriving at the station at 3.25, and found that she missed / had missed the train.
4) The doctors tried / had been trying their best, but while they were performing the operation, the patient died / was dying.
5) We'd been watching the film for half an hour before we realized that we were making / had made a terrible mistake. We went / had gone into the wrong cinema!
6) On the morning of the accident, Mr Davis just finished / had just finished a night shift at a local factory, and didn't have / hadn't had any sleep for 24 hours.
7) I'm sorry I didn't answer / wasn’t answering the phone earlier, but I was painting / had been painting the ceiling in my bedroom.
8) The office Marlowe was visiting was on the 15th floor, and unfortunately the lift wasn’t working / hadn't been working, so by the time he arrived at the top of the stairs, he was / had been out of breath.
9) On Christmas morning when they woke up / were waking up, the children looked eagerly out of the window. It snowed / had been snowing, and the garden was covered in a thick white carpet.
10) After the two film stars landed / were landing at the small airport, they left quickly in a van that was waiting / had been waiting for them since the early morning.
Exercise 14. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense form. (present simple, past simple, present continuous)
1. He often ___________brings_________________________(bring) me flowers.
2. _________________________(you / meet) Paul yesterday?
3. Father ______________________________________ (work) in the garden now.
4. What _______________________________________ (you / do) at the moment?
5. Mr Jones __________________________ (paint) his house last month.
6. He ________________________ (go) to school on foot every day.
7. It _______________________ (be) hot yesterday.
8. The baby ____________________________________________ (not / sleep) now.
9. He never _________________________________________________ (drive) fast.
10. I ____________________(not / take) John to school yesterday because he wasn’t well.
11. Planes _____________(take off) and ______________(land) at Heathrow all day.
12. “Where is Mike?” “He ________________(stay) with his grandmother this weekend.
13. I _________________ (not / like) peanut butter.
14. “What time ______________________ (your plane / leave)?” “At 7.45.”
15. At what time __________________________ (the play / begin) last night?
16. “What ______________________(you / read)?” “It’s a book by Barbara Cartland.”
17. “ ______________________(you / play) the piano?” “No, I don’t.”
18. Dennis Johnson ____________(work) for an insurance company.
19. Mr Baker _______________(come) home at 6 pm last night.
20. Uncle Victor is 88 years old. He _________(see) everything and _________(do) everything.
21. Dennis _______________(not / like) his work much.
22. Last week he _____________(sell) his car and _____________(buy) a new one.
Exercise 15. Translate the sentences.
1. Вчера я встретил друга, которого не видел целую вечность. 2. Пока дедушка что-то читал в своем любимом кресле, бабушка вязала, их кот забрался на стол и съел всю сметану. 3. Перед тем как он начал читать эту книгу и выписывать новые слова, он посмотрел все журнальные статьи по этому вопросу. 4. Я начал искать свою машину с полицией, хотя до этого четыре дня пытался найти ее с помощью своих друзей. 5. Где вы вчера были в девять вечера? В это время мы обсуждали план нашей работы. 6.Он много путешествовал, прежде чем написать эту книгу. 7. Вы поблагодарили его за подарок? Да. Еще вчера. 8. Вы жили здесь три года назад? Тогда я жил в Лондоне. Мы переехали сюда в 1995. 9. Я ждал вас с шести часов. Почему вы не пришли вовремя? Моя машина сломалась. 10. Вчера я пришел домой в восемь часов вечера. Когда я вошел, Энн смотрела телевизор. Она уже видела этот фильм, но хотела посмотреть еще раз. 11. когда Джо шел по улице, он увидел человека, которого он давно не встречал. 12. Он научился читать в пять лет. До того как, он пошел в школу, он прочитал много книг. 13. Я его видел сегодня в шесть часов вечера. Он еще работал. 14. Они взяли такси и поехали в гостиницу, в которой Том заранее зарезервировал два двухместных и один одноместный номер. Экзаменатор отмечал ошибки красным карандашом.
Speaking/writing
Task . Topics for discussion (Speaking/Writing).
Name the four types of general purpose computers.
Explain the importance of learning about computers.
Describe the individual process of the computing cycle.
Distinguish between random access and read-only memory.
Speak on the way the information is stored in the computer.
Explain the uses of various kinds of peripheral devices.
Even if minis and mainframes were inexpensive, why it is unlikely that you would buy one for your home.