Инфинитивная конструкция с подлежащим

The Subjective-with-the Infinitive construction (passive structure)

Thenational economy is considered to develop rapidly. Подлежащее сказуемое инфинитив Сказуемое, что(бы) подлежащее сказуемое Считается, что национальная экономика развивается быстро.

Запомните перевод следующих выражений: to be likely – вероятно to be unlikely –маловероятно to be sure – точно, определённо to be certain – определённо, несомненно

Следующие глаголы в данной конструкции употребляются в активном залоге: to seem – казаться to appear – оказываться to prove – оказываться to turn out – оказываться The Personnal Manager appeared to be an experienced specialist. Оказалось, что менеджер по персоналу является опытным специалистом.

Ex.21. Translate into Russian. Find the subjective-with-the infinitive construction.

1. Most businessmen and economists seemed to feel that higher profits were necessary to attract new investments.

2. Every group is likely to have its leader who is the first to understand a new idea or try a new product.

3. The results obtained are said to be right.

4. Increases in purchasing power by these family units are expected to mean a continued growth in demand for consumer products associated with travel and education.

5. This appears to be particularly true among the so-called yuppies in their acquisition of everything from homes to clothes and to cars.

6. Success tends to be more common than failure for highly-potential ventures because they are supposed to be directed by talented and experienced people able to attract the right personnel and the necessary financial resources.

7. Today’s customers are thought to be more concerned with distinctiveness and individuality rather than following the crowd.

8. At first glance, “unit sales” seem to mean simply how many potential customers there are in the market for you.

9. Individuals are thought to have the desired information in marketing survey.

10. A salesman is needed to represent the goods or to fit them to the customer’s needs.

Инфинитивная конструкция с дополнением(complex object)

The Objective-with-the Infinitive construction (active structure)

The economists believethe production growth to increase the demands for labour. Подлежащее сказуемое дополнение инфинитив Подлежащее сказуемое, что(бы) подлежащее сказуемое Экономисты считают, что рост производства увеличивает спрос на рабочую силу.

Ex.22. Translate into Russian. Find the objective-with -the infinitive construction.

1. Many franchise agreements require you to contribute a part of your revenues to a regional advertising fund.

2. Some franchisers will expect you to sign the contract right away.

3. Most of us know American business to be efficient in producing the goods and services that we need.

4. The economists consider the production to be the process of converting raw material into useful goods.

5. We find Mexican food to be the favorite of 21 to 35 age group.

6. The first company to offer a new product has an advantage over other companies.

7. A firm that wants to stay in business has to give constant consideration to introducing new product to meet the changing desires of consumers.

8. Many franchisers suppose the franchisee to put up 30 to 50 percents of the total franchise package cost as an initial investment.

9. This is an opportunity for you and the franchiser to assess each other and see if you can work together on a long-term basis.

10. This interview is also an opportunity for you to raise questions about the franchiser’s financial stability.

Ex.23. Translate into English, using the infinitive.

А.

1. Я рад, что рассказал вам эту историю.

2. Я рад, что встретил её на станции.

3. Мы очень счастливы, что пригласили его на вечер

4. Дети любят, когда им рассказывают сказки.

5. Я сожалею, что причинил вам столько беспокойства.

6. Он будет счастлив, посетить эту знаменитую картинную галерею.

7. Я слышала, что кто-то позвал меня.

8. Все ожидали, что она выйдет замуж за Пита.

9. Она заставила меня написать им письмо.

10. Мы никогда не слышали, как он говорит по-английски

11. Мы ожидали, что он придёт в субботу.

12. Я хочу, чтобы у тебя было доброе имя и хорошая репутация.

13. Я знаю, что он очень опытный преподаватель.

14. Его родители не разрешают ему приходить поздно.

В.

1. Чтобы продемонстрировать важность функции сбыта, он подразделил её на шесть этапов.

2. Многие люди предполагают, что персональные продажи являются важным фактором успеха.

3. Телефонное интервью является новым социологическим методом опроса, который надо широко использовать в практике.

4. Мы считаем, что компьютерная технология оказывает существенное влияние на сектор услуг.

5. Менеджеры должны иметь точную информацию, чтобы принять решение.

6. Вероятно, в ближайшие несколько лет в маркетинге будут возникать новые направления.

7. Оказывается, существует много возражений, направленных против рекламных компаний.

8. Каждый производитель хочет, чтобы его продукция была продана успешно.

9. Известно, что потребительский спрос на товары или услуги является эластичным.

10. Нам сообщили, что четырёхлетний контракт со страховым агентством о спонсорской помощи истёк.

Ex.24. Read and translate the texts. Find Infinitive and define its form and function.

PLANNING PLANT LAYOUT

Once the site for a plant has been determined, it must be built or rebuilt for the equipment and procedures it will house. The size or capacity of the structure will depend on how much production is needed. To build more capacity than needed is to have money that is not producing income. To build less capacity is to be unable to meet all the demands of customers, and so to lose income. This is a tricky balance to achieve. Many firms build their plants with some excess capacity in the expectation that sales will increase. The plant is built in such a way that it can be expanded later at a relatively low cost.

PROCESS PLANNING

Process planning deals with the procedures for manufacturing a product, once specifications for it have been developed. The product specifications describe the materials to be used, the measurements of the product, and the standards of quality to be met.

In process planning, the type of plant and equipment, their layout, and the procedures for manufacturing the product are to con­sidered. Process planning is assumed to vary widely depending upon the type of commodities being produced. Most of the time, a company will make a product in a plant. Sometimes, however, it chooses to build a new plant or remodel an existing one . If it wishes to build a new plant, it is faced with the problems of choosing the best location for a new plant.

BUSINESSMEN CONCERN FOR THE HUMAN PROBLEMS

In the 1920s, businessmen added to their concern with the technical problems in running a business a concern for the human problems. Frederick W. Taylor, whose influence on management ideas dates from about 1900, is known to have stressed the need for spe­cialization in management. The notion of management as a science began to form and the practice of formally training managers take place.

In this period, before introducing strict federal income taxes, some of the greatest American fortunes were made. The Rockefellers, the Harridans, Andrew Carnage, Frock, and the Melons-these are only a few4 of the people who played an important role in transforming their business to multimillion-dollar businesses. Some of them, such as Andrew Carnage, chose to be more than a businessman. Carnage gave millions to social causes; he was said to have contributed to the building of 2,811 libraries in the United States and abroad. Later he founded the Carnage Institution of Washington, DC, to promote scien­tific research, and the Carnage endowment for International Peace, both of which are still in existence.

Ex.25. Read and translate the texts, including the grammar phenomena of the units (Participate, Gerund, Infinitive). Analyze their using.

AN OVERVIEW OF MARKETING

Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or used to satisfy customers and accomplish the company's objectives. Several important elements of the definition need to be sharpened so that you will fully understand the importance and scope of this leg of the busi­ness triangle. First of all, marketing consists of a large number of busi­ness activities. Some of these are: gathering product information, product design and development, packaging, transportation, advertis­ing, and selling. These activities help direct the flow of goods and services. This implies that business starts with what the customer wants, rather than what the firm wants him to have.

There are many people who would argue that it is done the other way around. Next, it should be noted that the definition includes the marketing of both goods and services, not just goods. Finally, it is the task of marketing to satisfy customers and, at the same time, meet the company's objectives. A business exists to fill a want and make a profit while so doing. A firm must do both to stay in business.

THE MARKETING CONCEPT AND MARKETING MIX

Marketing considerations are central in business decision-making. More and more firms have come to realize this in the last ten to fifteen years. To describe the process of placing the consumer first in all business decision-making, the term marketing concept was coined. The marketing concept implies that a firm starts by determining what its customers want. Then all production, finance, plant location, and other decisions are made with due consideration of their impact on the final customers.

To reach the customer and meet the company's objectives successfully, a firm puts together a marketing mix – the right blending of product, price, promotion, and place. Implementation of the market­ing concept in a firm implies that marketing activities become central in all operations and not something only engaged in after a product is made.

FINDING THE RIGHT INTERNATIONAL MIX

In these days of increasing global integration, the task many international mar­keters face is not so much market entry as managing the marketing mix in differ­ent national markets. Is it better to standardize or to adapt it across different markets?

Consumer tastes in cars are very different in North America, the UK, Germany, Italy, Japan and India. A 'global' car that does not have country-specific differentiating features will fail. The manu­facturer, therefore, has to find the balance between designing a separate car for each market – which would be exorbitantly costly – and designing one car for all markets. Nissan was a pio­neer in this area. It reduced the number of different chassis designs from 40 to 8 for cars meant for 75 different national markets.

Some companies, howev­er, do develop the same product for all markets regardless of existing local preferences. Com­panies such as Kellogg have succeeded in chang­ing consumption patterns. Breakfast cereal was unknown in France 20 years ago. Today it is common. Kellogg ignored the re­search that said cereal would not sell in France. In contrast, Coca-Cola changes the flavour of its soft drink to conform to local tastes. Coke in the US tastes differ­ent from Coke in the UK, which in turn tastes differ­ent from Coke in India.

Thus there is a spectrum of new product development strategies. Firms sometimes customize a product to every market; at other times they offer one standardised prod­uct everywhere; and some­times they compromise and settle in the middle.

New product develop­ment that co-ordinates efforts across national mar­kets leads to better products and services. Such opportu­nities are not normally available to a company that operates only in one coun­try or is only just entering a new country.

The advent of the Internet and Intranets has the poten­tial to accelerate the process of mining all markets for rel­evant information and for features that can be includ­ed in new products. Unilever has four global research lab­oratories that develop prod­ucts for their different national markets while pro­viding inputs for global products. The laboratories co-ordinate their efforts by looking at the possibilities of melding product ideas aris­ing from different countries. Motorola's software develop­ment establishments co­ordinate their efforts in working on different mod­ules of the same project.

Companies also develop products in different coun­tries in markedly different ways. Japanese companies, for example, tend to believe much more in getting new products to market and J then gauging the reaction to them. The product itself may have been developed with reference to observa­tions of present and potential customers rather than conventional market research. US companies, on the other hand, tend to use more formal market research methods. And for German companies, prod­uct development schedules tend to be more important.

Clearly, companies decide on different launch strategies for different cat­egories of products. Toshiba launched the Digital Video Disk (DVD) in Japan in November 1996, in the US in March 1997 and in Europe in autumn 1997. However, Intel launches its latest PC chips practically simultaneously in all coun­tries. The launch decision also includes marketing mix decisions. When Citibank introduced its credit card in the Asia-Pacific region, it launched it sequentially and tailored the product features for each country while main­taining its premium posi­tioning. The promotional, pricing and distribution strategies also differed from country to country.

As a contrast, consider Rolex. The genuine Rolex watch is the same certified chronometer anywhere in the world; its positioning – as the timepiece for the ele­gant high achiever – is the same around the world, as is the advertising message. One will always find a Rolex in an upmarket dis­tribution outlet and at a premium price. Or consid­er Unilever's Lifebuoy soap, which has different ingredients in India com­pared to East Africa. How­ever, Unilever positions the soap in the same way in both markets – as an inex­pensive everyday soap that has antibacterial proper­ties and protects health.

From the Financial Times

GLOBALISATION GENERATES RISKS FOR BUSINESS

NTERNATIONAL businesses believe they are not fully prepared to handle a growing number of threats in an increasingly volatile global marketplace, according to a report published by leading business risk consultancy Control Risks Group.

According to the company's annual assessment of risks fac­ing international business, globalization and the develop­ment of communications technologies have precipitated significant concerns among executives concerning risks, including organised crime, terrorism, internal fraud, cor­ruption and direct action by pressure groups. Globalisation has also exacerbated many pre-existing, low-probability, high-impact risks, such as kid­nappings.

These concerns were revealed through a business survey, conducted by the Industrial Research Bureau, of US and European companies about attitudes to risk and risk management among interna­tional business development directors.

“Although executives see globalisation as a driving force behind unprecedented oppor­tunities internationally, there is real apprehension about a plethora of risks that may stand in their way,” according to Richard Fenning, Director of Control Risks New York, who released the report at a press conference today in Washington DC. “Anything from international sanctions, terrorism and currency deval­uation, to extortion and kid­napping.”

According to the survey, a significant majority (68%) of those US executives polled believe that globalisation gen­erates more risk for investors. Additionally, the survey indi­cated that businesses expect to be increasingly forced to address the challenge of reputational risks. Business devel­opment executives are firmly placing consumer activism, corruption, and human rights on their agendas.

The survey revealed share­holder action as the most crit­ical reputational risk; kidnap as the most significant security risk; and international sanc­tions as the foremost political risk. Most respondents of the survey considered risks to be increasing in Russia and the former Soviet Union, with sophisticated fraud, corruption and organised crime as the driving factors. Interestingly, 76% of those polled consid­ered the risks to be static or decreasing in the Middle East; 59% of respondents had the same feeling about North Africa; and 67% held a similar view about Latin America (excluding Brazil) where — with some clear exceptions — political and economic issues have replaced security as the prime source of risk over the past decade.

“Although traditional risks, such as political and extremist terrorism, are decreasing in incidence — yet not impact — problems such as organised and petty crime are likely to present a specific and harder range of risks than previously,” said Martin Stone, Head of Research for Control Risks.

From PR Newswire

TEST 1 ( -ING / TO+INFINITIVE)

1. Is there anything in that new magazine worth .... ?

a) to read

b) reading

2. Although I was in a hurry, I stopped .... to him.

a) to talk

b) talking

3. I really must stop .... .

a) to smoke

b) smoking

4. Would you mind .... the front door?

a) to close

b) closing

5. You should remember .... him. He'll be at home.

a) to phone

b) phoning

6. All parts of London seem .... to different towns and epochs.

a) to belong

b) belonging

7. Do you enjoy....?

a) to teach

b) teaching

8. Why have you stopped? Go on .... .

a) to read

b) reading

9. The teacher asked us some questions and went on ..... us about the climate of England.

a) to tell

b) telling

10. When we had finished ...., the waiter brought the bill.

a) to eat

b) eating

11. My elder brother went to college, and I hope .... there too

a) to go

b) going

12. My car needs a service badly, and Tom offered... me with it.

a) to help

b) helping

13. Avoid .... and you'll feel better soon.

a) to overeat

b) overeating

14. I can't help .... about that awful accident.

a) to think

b) thinking

15. The Brains want... Boston this week.

a) to leave for

b) leaving for

16. I'll always remember .... you for the first time.

a) to meet

b) meeting

TEST 2 ( -ING / TO + INFINITIVE / INFINITIVE)

1. She always avoids …..decisions.

a) making

b) to make

c) make

d) from making

2. Do you object ……on Sundays?

a) to work

b) be working

c) to working

d) working

3. Mary needs …….her grades if she wants to get into graduate school.

a) to rise

b) to .rose

c) to raise

d) to risen

4. I think he'll admit to …… involved in the business.

a) had

b) had been

c) have been

d) has been

5. She decisively refused ….. back to the hospital.

a) go

b) going

c) to going

d) to go

6. Don't hesitate …… if you need my help.

a) to contacting

b) contacting

c) to contact

d) be contacting

7. The price was much more than we expected …… .

a) paying

b) to pay

c) pay

d) for paying

8. He says he hopes………… them the other day.

a) would see

b) seeing

c) to see

d) see

9. Do you deny………… there at 6.15?

a) be

b) to be

c) being

d) was

10. Finally, the boss consented ……. the transaction.

a) to okay

b) okay

c) okaying

d) for okaying

11. He thinks……… his own business.

a) of starting

b) to start

c) starting

d) start

12. She could not sleep without ….. to him once more.

a) seeing and talking

b) to see and talk

c) see and talk

d) have seen and talked

13. She suggested ……… together.

a) to travel

b) traveling

c) to traveling

d) travel I

14. Why not let me finish ……… her and you go shopping?

a) feeding

b) feed

c) to feed

d) fed

15. The Committee recommends……… public spending.

a) cutting

b) for cutting

c) cut

d) to cut

TEST 3 ( -ING / TO + INFINITIVE / INFINITIVE)

1. Paul's cousin was twenty-five, but she was exceptionally naive,

and, at first failed …… what was up.

a) realize

b) realizing

c) to realize

d) to realizing

2. He enjoyed ……… of her as his future wife.

a) thinking .

b) to think

c) think

d) in thinking

3. They were looking forward ……… in the occasion

a) to participate

b) participate

c) participating

d) to participating

4. I didn't feel like…… them there.

1. seeing

2. to see

3. about seeing

4. see

5. I'm afraid you risk ……… your job.

1. to lose

2. losing

3. of losing

4. lose

6. It may be worth ……… an ad in the local paper.

a) putting

b) of putting

c) to put

d) put

7. We……… together.

a) used to working

b) are used to work

c) used to work

d) got used to work

8. We managed …… the discrepancy of the data.

a) in eliminating

b) eliminating

c) eliminate

d) to eliminate

9. Prices tend ……… this time of the year.

a) raise

b) to raise

c) to rise

d) raising

10. I did not want to see him, so I pretended ……… asleep.

a) being

b) of being

c) to be

d) be

11. Soon you'll appreciate ………… a swimming pool nearby.

a) having

b) to have

c) have

d) of having

12. He is most likely………. at work.

a) being

b) be

c) to be

d) to being

13. He succeeded ……… her stay for another three days.

a) to make

b) of making

c) in making

d) make

14. The walls need……… .

a) painting

b) to paint

c) be painted

d) in painting

15. Would you mind……… a week or two?

a) waiting

b) to wait

c) wait

d) to waiting

TEST 4 (-ING / TO + INFINITIVE / INFINITIVE)

1. I couldn't help……. her everything.

a) telling

b) to tell

c) tell

d) but to tell

2. We are all looking forward…….. you this month.

a) to meeting

b) meet

c) to meet

d) meeting

3. He claimed ……. a president.

a) to be

b) be

c) to being

d) being

4. Is it worth ……… it all over again?

1. starting

2. of starting

3. in starting

4. to start

5. Workers who broke the strike risk ……… when they left the factory.

a) being attacked

b) to be attacked

c) to attack

d) be attacked

6. I wouldn't tolerate……… like that.

1. being treated

2. to be treated

3. to being treated

4. to treat

7. Negotiators have not succeeded ……… a cease-fire.

a) to establish

b) in establishing

c) on establishing

d) establish

8. She tends ………… in other people's business.

a) interfere

b) to interfering

c) interfering

d) to interfere

9. She was used ……. on television.

a) to be

b) be

c) being

d) to being

10. It will help you avoid ………… sick while traveling.

a) getting

b) from getting

c) to get

d) got

11. I waited until she had finished ……. before telling them the truth.

a) speak

b) to speaking

c) to speak

d) speaking

12. They suggested …… the terms of the agreement

a) reconsidering

b) reconsider

c) reconsider

d) about reconsidering

13…………… my coat carefully on the bed, I crept towards the door.

a) lying

b) laying

c) lieing

d) lain

14. I quit …… her when it got obvious she'd never accept.

a) to ask

b) ask

c) asking

d) to asking

15. I chose……. his words.

1. ignoring

2. of to ignore

3. to ignore

4. to ignorance

TEST 5 (COMPLEX OBJECT)

1. Teddy's words made me ……. uncomfortable.

a) to feel

b) feeling

c) feel

2. Mrs. Pottson allowed her guests …….. in the living-room.

a) to smoke

b) smoking

c) smoke

3. Has the secretary come yet? I want to have my papers …….. .

a) to type

b) type

c) typed

4. I watched my cat ……… with her kittens. I couldn't tear myself away from that funny sight.

a) played

b) playing

c) to play

5. Granny didn't want my Mom ……. my Dad.

a) marry

b) to marry

c) married

6. Our English teacher told us ……… shy and speak English as much as possible.

a) not to feel

b) not feel

c) felt

7. I have to get my photograph …….. for a new passport.

a) took

b) take

c) taken

8. There wasn't much traffic in the street. I saw a little girl ……. the road.

a) crossed

b) cross

c) to cross

9. I have never heard Helen ………. .

a) sang

b) sings

c) singing

10. Mary would like her brother ……… Tom's company.

a) to avoid

b) avoid

c) avoided

11. We expected the Harrisons ……… later than usual.

a) to arrive

b) arrive

c) arrived

12. What makes you ……. such rash actions?

a) do

b) to do

c) doing

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES