724 Part IV Drawing in Three Dimensions

Creating Polygon Meshes with 3DMESH

The 3DMESH command creates polygon meshes (not to be confused with the polyface meshes created by PFACE). The 3DMESH command is used for creating irregular surfaces, vertex by vertex. The great advantage of polygon meshes is that AutoCAD considers them to be polylines, and they can therefore be edited with the PEDIT command — although in a limited manner. Figure 23-10 shows two surfaces created with 3DMESH. The surface on the right has been smoothed using PEDIT.

Figure 23-10: Two surfaces created with 3DMESH. The surface on the right has been smoothed using the Smooth option of PEDIT.

To use 3DMESH, choose 3D Mesh from the Surfaces toolbar. AutoCAD then asks you for the Mesh M size and Mesh N size. M is the number of vertices going in the first direction.

N is the number of vertices going in the other direction. Figure 23-11 shows a 3D Mesh with an M size of 5 and an N size of 3.

M=5

Figure 23-11: A 3D Mesh with an M size of 5 and an N size of 3, showing the vertex designations.

After you set the size of the 3D Mesh, you need to specify each vertex. For example, the 3D Mesh in Figure 23-11 has 15 vertices that you need to specify. AutoCAD prompts you for each vertex in order, starting with (0,0). Vertex (0,1) is the second vertex in the first column. Vertex

Chapter 23 Creating 3D Surfaces 725

(1,0) is the first vertex in the second column, starting from the bottom. It’s a little confusing because AutoCAD starts the counting from 0 (zero), not 1. For the 3D Mesh in Figure 23-11, the last vertex is (4,2).

Note In Figure 23-11, the 3D Mesh is five vertices wide and three vertices high as you look at it in plan view. However, you don’t have to specify the vertices in the same direction. For the 3D Mesh in the figure, I started at the bottom left, continued to move up for (0,1) and (0,2), then moved to the right. However, you could start at the bottom-left and move to the right for (0,1) and (0,2), and then go back to the left either above or below (0,0) — resulting in a 3D Mesh that is three vertices wide and five vertices high as you look at it in plan view. In other words, M and N can be in any direction.

3D meshes are especially suitable for AutoLISP routines; in fact, AutoCAD supplies several. These are discussed in the next section.

To smooth a polygon mesh, start the PEDIT command and select the polygon mesh. AutoCAD responds with the Enter an option [Edit vertex/Smooth surface/Desmooth/Mclose/ Nclose/Undo]: prompt. Table 23-1 explains how to use these options.

Table 23-1: PEDIT Options for 3D Polygon Meshes

You can use 3DMESH to create 3D topological surfaces. You may have a surveyor’s drawing that marks measurement points. Open a new drawing, using the surveyor’s drawing as an xref. In plan view, create a polygon mesh. For the vertices, pick the surveyor’s measurement points. (You’ll need to count them first to determine a regular grid for the M and N sizes.) Then select the polygon mesh to display its grip points. Select each grip in turn, and at the prompt, type (for example) @0,0,100.78 where the last coordinate is the measured height. When you’re done, look at the surface in any nonplanar viewpoint to see the result.

726 Part IV Drawing in Three Dimensions

Drawing Standard 3D Shapes

AutoCAD includes several AutoLISP routines that use the 3DMESH command to create some standard shapes. These shapes all have icons on the Surfaces toolbar. You can also choose Draw Surfaces 3D Surfaces to open the 3D Objects dialog box, as shown in Figure 23-12.

Figure 23-12: The 3D Objects dialog box.

On the command line, you can type 3d and choose the shape that you want to draw from the command options. You can also type ai_ followed by the name of the shape, such as ai_box.

Box

Figure 23-13 shows a box from the SE isometric viewpoint after using the HIDE command.

Figure 23-13: A box from an isometric viewpoint after using the HIDE command.

Chapter 23 Creating 3D Surfaces 727

Here’s how to draw a box:

1. Choose Box from the Surfaces toolbar.

2.At the Specify corner point of box: prompt, specify the lower-left corner of the base of the box.

3.At the Specify length of box: prompt, specify the length of the box along the X axis.

4.At the Specify width of box or [Cube]: prompt, specify the width of the box along the Y axis. If you choose the Cube option, AutoCAD creates a cube with a width and height the same as the length that you just specified, and you don’t see the height prompt.

5.At the Specify height of box: prompt, specify the height of the box along the Z axis.

6.At the Specify rotation angle of box about the Z axis or [Reference]: prompt,

specify an angle. AutoCAD rotates the box in the XY plane. There is no default of 0 (zero) degrees, so you must type 0 even if you do not want to rotate the box. You can also use the Reference suboption, which works like the Reference option of the ROTATE command.

As you define the box, AutoCAD draws a temporary image in yellow to show you the result of your specifications.

Wedge

Figure 23-14 shows a wedge. The prompts are the same as for the box, except that there is no Cube option. A wedge is half of a box.

Figure 23-14: A wedge from an isometric viewpoint after using the HIDE command.

Here’s how to draw a wedge:

1. Choose Wedge from the Surfaces toolbar.

2.At the Specify corner point of wedge: prompt, specify the lower-left corner of the base of the wedge.

728 Part IV Drawing in Three Dimensions

3.At the Specify length of wedge: prompt, specify the length of the wedge along the X axis.

4.At the Specify width of wedge: prompt, specify the width of the wedge along the Y axis.

5.At the Specify height of wedge: prompt, specify the height of the wedge along the Z axis.

6.At the Specify rotation angle of wedge about the Z axis: prompt, specify an angle.

AutoCAD rotates the wedge in the XY plane. There is no default of 0 (zero) degrees, so you must type 0 even if you don’t want to rotate the wedge.

Pyramid

You can draw pyramids with threeand four-sided bases. A pyramid with a three-sided base creates a four-sided object called a tetrahedron. You can top the pyramid with a point, a flat top or, for four-sided bases, a ridge. Figure 23-15 shows the various types of pyramids that you can draw.

Figure 23-15: You can draw all of these pyramidal shapes.

Here’s how to draw the pyramids:

1. Choose Pyramid from the Surfaces toolbar.

2.At the Specify first corner point for base of pyramid: prompt, specify the first point (any point) on the base.

3.At the Specify second corner point for base of pyramid: prompt, specify the second point on the base.

4.At the Specify third corner point for base of pyramid: prompt, specify the third point on the base.

5.At the Specify fourth corner point for base of pyramid or [Tetrahedron]: prompt, specify the fourth point on the base or choose the Tetrahedron option (creates a pyramid with a base of three points).

Chapter 23 Creating 3D Surfaces 729

•If you chose the Tetrahedron option, at the Specify apex point of tetrahedron or [Top]: prompt, specify the apex (top point) or choose the Top option. AutoCAD prompts you for three top points.

•If you specified a fourth base point, at the Specify apex point of pyramid or [Ridge/Top]: prompt, specify the apex (top point) or choose the Ridge or Top options. If you choose the Ridge option, specify the two points for the ridge. If you choose the Top option, specify the four top points.

Specifying the apex or ridge can be tricky unless you know the absolute coordinates that you want. You can’t change viewpoints during the command. However, you can easily change the points later using grips. Another trick is to start any drawing command, such as LINE, before starting the pyramid. At the Specify first point: prompt, pick the point that you want to use for the first base point of the pyramid. Then press Esc to cancel the command. This leaves that point as the last point specified. Now define the base of the pyramid, using the same point as the first base point. When you need to specify the apex or ridge, you can use relative coordinates from the first base point. For example, to create an apex two units directly over the first base point, specify @0,0,2 for the apex. When you use the Top option, AutoCAD provides a rubber-band line from each of the base corners in turn, letting you use relative coordinates from the base corners. You can also create a temporary 2D object before starting the pyramid to frame a ridge or top.

Cone

You can create full or partial cones. Figure 23-16 shows both types, as displayed after using the HIDE command.

Figure 23-16: You can draw full or partial cones.

Follow these steps to create cones:

1. Choose Cone from the Surfaces toolbar.

2.At the Specify center point for base of cone: prompt, pick the center for the circle that makes the base of the cone.

3.At the Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: prompt, specify the radius for the circle at the base or choose the Diameter option to specify the diameter.

730 Part IV Drawing in Three Dimensions

4.At the Specify radius for top of cone or [Diameter] <0>: prompt, specify the radius of the top or choose the Diameter option and specify the diameter. If you accept the default of zero, you get a complete cone. If you specify a radius or diameter, you get a truncated cone.

5.At the Specify height of cone: prompt, specify the height.

6.At the Enter number of segments for surface of cone <16>: prompt, specify the number of mesh segments. A higher number results in a smoother-looking cone.

Sphere

Drawing a sphere is quite easy. You just specify the center and radius, and then the number of segments to display in each direction. Figure 23-17 shows a sphere after using the HIDE command.

Figure 23-17: A sphere.

Here’s how to draw a sphere:

1. Choose Sphere from the Surfaces toolbar.

2.At the Specify center point of sphere: prompt, specify a point.

3.At the Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: prompt, specify the radius, or choose the Diameter option to specify the diameter.

4.At the Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: prompt, type the number of north-south lines that you want. A higher number results in a smoother-looking sphere.

5.At the Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: prompt, type the number of east-west lines that you want. A higher number results in a smoother-looking sphere.

Chapter 23 Creating 3D Surfaces 731

The only tricky point with spheres is remembering that the center point is the center in all three dimensions. If you want to draw a ball on a table, it’s easy to specify the center on the plane of the tabletop — but you end up with a ball that’s half beneath the table. So plan ahead.

Dome

A dome is the top half of a sphere, as shown in Figure 23-18. The prompts are very similar to those for a sphere.

Figure 23-18: A dome.

Follow these steps to draw a dome:

1. Choose Dome from the Surfaces toolbar.

2.At the Specify center point of dome: prompt, specify the center point of the circle that makes up the base of the dome.

3.At the Specify radius of dome or [Diameter]: prompt, specify the radius or use the Diameter option to specify the diameter.

4.At the Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of dome <16>: prompt, type the number of north-south lines that you want. A higher number results in a smoother-looking dome.

5.At the Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dome <8>: prompt, type the number of east-west lines that you want. A higher number results in a smootherlooking dome. Notice that the default is 8 instead of 16 for the sphere because you’re drawing only half of a sphere.

Dish

A dish is the bottom half of a sphere, as shown in Figure 23-19. Actually, a bowl would be a better name for it.

732 Part IV Drawing in Three Dimensions

Figure 23-19: A dish.

Follow these steps to draw a dish:

1. Choose Dish from the Surfaces toolbar.

2.At the Specify center point of dish: prompt, specify the center point of the circle that makes up the base of the dish.

3.At the Specify radius of dish or [Diameter]: prompt, specify the radius or use the Diameter option to specify the diameter.

4.At the Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of dish <16>: prompt, type the number of north-south lines that you want. A higher number results in a smoother-looking dish.

5.At the Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dome <8>: prompt, type the number of east-west lines that you want. A higher number results in a smootherlooking dish. As with the dish, the default is 8 because you’re drawing only half of a sphere.

As with spheres, remember that the center point is the center of the top of the dish, not its base.

Torus

A torus is a 3D donut, as shown in Figure 23-20.

Chapter 23 Creating 3D Surfaces 733

Segments around torus circumference

Radius of torus

Radius of tube

Segments around tube circumference

Figure 23-20: A torus.

Follow these steps to create a torus:

1. Choose Torus from the Surfaces toolbar.

2.At the Specify center point of torus: prompt, specify the center of the torus.

3.At the Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: prompt, specify the radius of the torus, as shown in Figure 23-20, or use the Diameter option to define the diameter.

4.At the Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: prompt, specify the radius of the tube or use the Diameter option to define the diameter.

5.At the Enter number of segments around tube circumference <16>: prompt, specify the number of segments around the tube.

6.At the Enter number of segments around torus circumference <16>: prompt, specify the number of segments around the torus.

As with a sphere, a torus is half above and half below the center point in the Z direction.

Mesh

The 3D command has a Mesh option that does not appear on the Surfaces toolbar, but you can type 3d and choose the Mesh option or choose it from the 3D Objects dialog box. (Choose Draw Surfaces 3D Surfaces.)

734 Part IV Drawing in Three Dimensions

The Mesh option creates a 3D Mesh. All you have to do is pick the four corners and the M and N mesh sizes. Of course, this option doesn’t give you the flexibility of the 3DMESH command, but it’s a lot easier!

Specify the four corner points in clockwise or counterclockwise order. Then specify the M and N mesh sizes. Figure 23-21 shows a mesh with M=8 and N=4.

Figure 23-21: A mesh with M=8 and N=4.

STEPS: Drawing 3D Polygon Meshes

1.Open ab23-c.dwg from the CD-ROM.

2.Save it as ab23-03.dwg in your AutoCAD Bible folder. The drawing is in architectural units. OSNAP should be on. Set running object snaps for endpoint and midpoint. If the Surfaces toolbar isn’t displayed, right-click any toolbar and choose Surfaces.

3. Choose Box from the Surfaces toolbar. Follow the prompts to make the tabletop:

Specify corner point of box: 1,1,30 Specify length of box: 4'

Specify width of box or [Cube]: 3' Specify height of box: 1

Specify rotation angle of box about the Z axis or [Reference]: 0

4.Do a Zoom Extents to see the entire box. You’re in plan view, so it looks like a rectangle.

5.Choose Box from the Surfaces toolbar again. Follow the prompts to make a leg:

Specify corner point of box: 1,1 Specify length of box: 1

Specify width of box or [Cube]: 1 Specify height of box: 30

Specify rotation angle of box about the Z axis or [Reference]: 0

Chapter 23 Creating 3D Surfaces 735

6.Mirror the leg, which appears as a small square at the lower-left corner of the large rectangle, from the midpoint of one side of the table to the midpoint of the opposite side. Then mirror the two legs in the other direction (from the other two midpoints), so that you have four legs.

7.Choose Dish from the Surfaces toolbar. Follow the prompts to create a bowl on the table:

Specify center point of dish: 2',2',35-1/2 Specify radius of dish or [Diameter]: d Specify diameter of dish: 9

Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of dish <16>: Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dish <8>:

The dish’s diameter is 9, so its height is half that, or 41⁄2. The center of the dish is at height 351⁄2 because the tabletop is at 31 (31 + 41⁄2 = 351⁄2).

8.Type elev . Change the elevation to 31. Leave the thickness at 0 (zero).

9. Choose Cone from the Surfaces toolbar. Follow the prompts to create a salt shaker:

Specify center point for base of cone: 2',1'6 Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: 1 Specify radius for top of cone or [Diameter] <0>: .5 Specify height of cone: 4

Enter number of segments for surface of cone <16>: 8

10.Choose Sphere from the Surfaces toolbar. Follow the prompts to draw an orange in the bowl:

Specify center point of sphere: 2',2',32-1/2 Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: d Specify diameter of sphere: 3

Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: 8 Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: 8

11.Choose Cone from the Surfaces toolbar. Follow the prompts to make a plate.

(It may not seem logical to use a cone to make a flat plate. However, it works because you can create a truncated cone that is upside down and very shallow. It’s an unusual but interesting use for the CONE command.)

Specify center point for base of cone: 1',1' Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: 2 Specify radius for top of cone or [Diameter] <0>: 5 Specify height of cone: 1/2

Enter number of segments for surface of cone <16>:

12.Choose View 3D Views SE Isometric to get a view of what you have already drawn.

13.Choose Wedge from the Surfaces toolbar. Follow the prompts to make a wedge of cheese on the plate:

Specify corner point of wedge: 10,10

Specify length of wedge: 5

Specify width of wedge: 2

Specify height of wedge: 2

Specify rotation angle of wedge about the Z axis: 30