English. Методичка / English
.pdf3.Because of the covering of wool sheep can withstand cold temperatures better than cattle.
4.If shearing is delayed too long, the wool becomes dead and lifeless.
5.Frozen silage must be thawed before feeding.
Y.Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Conditional Sentences:
1.The bull would be provided with better feeding if it were to be used for breeding.
2.If the plan were developed for one farm it would not be satisfactory for
another.
3.Provided the manager did not consider all the facts, he would not be able to analyze and estimate his resources.
4.If a farmer had borrowed some additional money to buy new equipment the uses of the funds at a given periods during the year would have been recorded in a cash-flow statement.
5.Unless there were certain changes in crops and livestock it would not have been possible to increase agricultural productivity.
YI. Read and translate the text into Russian.
DISEASE
Livestock constitute a major source of epidemic diseases in humans; these diseases have had a significant impact on history. When an agricultural society, that raises livestock, comes in contact with a non-agricultural society their diseases often spread to the latter (who lack any resistance), which can have devastating consequences. Other diseases can be transmitted from animals. Mad cow disease is transmitted between cattle which are fed food containing cattle brains and spines. It is postulated that the disease vector causing mad cow disease can also be transmitted to humans who eat infected cattle, causing the fatal disease known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Though this connection has not been conclusivley proven, over 95% of identified cases of vCJD are in Britain, which suffered a mad cow disease epidemic in the mid to late 1980s. Mad cow disease has led to a ban on using cattle by-products in cattle feed.
Other diseases that may be transmitted from livestock to humans include bird flu and some may originate from the bacteria E. coli O157:H7. Also, anthrax was called the woolsorter's disease because the skin form of the disease could be contracted from handling raw wool. Anthrax may be contracted from cattle, sheep, goats, camels and antelopes as well as directly from infected soil.
The use of antibiotics in animals that end up in the human food chain is controversial. The issue of antibiotic resistance has limited the practices of preventative dosing such as antibiotic-laced feed.
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ВАРИАНТ 2
I.Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice:
1.Animals are bred for utility, sport, pleasure and research.
2.The planning of mating combinations was introduced in practice.
3.Much effort is being made to study the possibilities of utilizing agricultural and industrial waste in the nutrition of farm animals.
4.If animal manure is utilized for feed nutrients, some pollution problems will be solved.
5.Horses are being bred for sport.
II. Translate the following sentences with the Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions:.
1.To prevent meats from being contaminated by harmful bacteria, producers widely used vacuum-packing.
2.Fermentation is supposed to have been an ancient form of food preservation used in the meat industry.
3.Meat is considered to be an essential part of human diet.
4.Milk is known to be highly nutritious food that has been used by humans since the beginning of recorded time.
5.This boar is not vigorous enough to be used for mating.
III.Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Participle:
1.Keeping the records about the dates of artificial insemination of cows, a farmer will know the date of calving for each animal.
2.Being raised for mutton, sheep can be also sheared in order to obtain some
wool.
3.Having been raised under severe conditions in mountains, lambs seemed to be healthier than the ones raised in the sheep-pen.
4.Being rich in such nutrients as essential amino acids, meat is highly valued as human food.
5.Having become more concerned about our diet, we began to eat more poultry, fish and fresh fruit and vegetables and fewer eggs and less pork.
IY. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Gerund:
1.Before choosing cows for mating, breeders should estimate the performance of their progeny.
2.Raising and feeding cattle on pasture throughout the year is the most economical method.
3.This book deals with the planning of mating combinations.
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4.The recording of individual performance in breeding populations of farm animals developed rapidly in 1970s.
5.Crossbreeding is a very popular method for increasing sheep population.
Y.Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Conditional Sentences:
1.Provided livestock records were organized in the table form, it would save time in preparing various financial statements.
2.Young piglets may gain rapidly and reach the market faster provided they are supplied with all necessary feeds.
3.If farmer were provided with the required information concerning feeds and farm implements, one could expect him to make proper management decisions.
4.If we had considered the data concerning the number of pigs and their weight, we should have calculated the expected income.
5.If cold milk were given to new-born calves, it would cause digestive
troubles.
YI. Read and translate the text into Russian:
SHEEP
Sheep are kept in mobs in paddocks; in pens or in a barn. In cold climates, sheep may need shelter if they are freshly shorn or have baby lambs. Freshly shorn hoggets, especially, may be very susceptible to wet, windy weather and can succumb to exposure very quickly. Sheep have to be kept dry for one to two days before shearing so that the fleece is dry enough to be pressed and to protect the health of the shearers.
Sheep, particularly those kept inside, are vaccinated when they are newborn lambs. The lambs receive their first antibodies via their mother's colostrum in the first few hours of life, and then via a vaccination booster every six weeks for next three months and then by booster every six months.
Weaning is a critical period in the life of young sheep as it is this time when more problems occur than at any other stage of a sheep’s life. Sheep of this age need careful observation as to their general health by noting any weaners that are hollow, have a pale skin or are falling behind the mob etc. Weaners are very susceptible to the deadly Barbers Pole worm (Haemonchus), fly strike, scabby mouth, mycotic dermatitis, occasionally pneumonia, fluctuations in feed availability.
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ВАРИАНТ 3
I.Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice:
1.The most significant progress in animal breeding has been done with dairy
cattle.
2.It is necessary to examine young males that will be used for breeding.
3.When poultry and swine are kept in confinement, their manure will be collected, recovered and used for refeeding to cattle.
4.Ecology is widely studied as one of the most important aspects of biology.
5.Animals should be examined by veterinary surgeons regularly.
II. Translate the following sentences with the Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions:.
1.The lamb is not fat enough to be slaughtered this month.
2.Ecologists have found a lot of bird species to be disappearing at a rapid rate now.
3.Beekeeping is believed to have originated in the Middle East.
4.These geese do not seem to have attracted the attention of genetics.
5.The goat proved to be an important milk producer in China and India.
III.Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Participle:
1.Being obtained from different kind of animals, meats are usually classified by the type of animal.
2.Producers dealing with meat processing have already succeeded in new technologies having been introduced in order to satisfy the increasing demand for their products.
3.Raising cattle, farmers should turn animals out on pastures as early as possible in spring.
4.Dairy cattle are susceptible to all the diseases and infections affecting beef
cattle.
5.A balanced ration is the one consisting of several nutrients in proper proportions.
IY. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Gerund:
1.For centuries pigs have been used for obtaining edible fat and meat.
2.Both biologists and chemists are interested in developing new drugs for treating farm animals.
3.Large litters greatly depend on proper selecting of a sow.
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4.By changing feeding rations of animals, one can improve the quality of farm products.
5.The shelf life of dried milk products was extended due to their having been dried less than three per cent moisture.
Y.Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Conditional Sentences:
1.If cold milk is given to new-born calves, it will cause digestible troubles.
2.Unless there had been achievements in genetics, it would not be possible to improve cattle breeds.
3.Provided a farmer had raised sheep both for mutton and wool he would have increased the efficiency of his farm.
4.If the farmer used a purebred sire for breeding, he would improve his livestock.
5.If it had not been a large commercial farm, a farm manager wouldn’t have negotiated on the discount for animals feeds.
YI. Read and translate the text into Russian:
DOG REPRODUCTION
Unlike undomesticated canine species, where the females typically come into estrus (also called in season or in heat) once a year, usually in late winter, and bear one litter of young, the female of the domestic dog can come into season at any time of the year and usually twice a year. Most bitches come into season for the first time between 6 and 12 months, although some larger breeds delay until as late as 2 years. Like most mammals, the age that a bitch first comes into season is mostly a function of her current body weight as a proportion of her body weight when fully mature rather than age, with the different maturation rates of the various sizes of dogs accounting for this variation in age of first season. The amount of time between cycles varies greatly among different dogs, but a given dog's cycle tends to be consistent through her life.
Dogs bear their litters roughly 9 weeks after insemination. An average litter consists of about six puppies, especially for breeds that have not strayed too far from their wild ancestors. However, litters of many more or only one or two puppies are also common. Some breeds have a tendency to produce very large litters. Since a mother can provide milk for only a few of those puppies, humans must assist in the care and feeding when the litter exceeds eight or so.
Some breeds have been developed to emphasize certain physical traits beyond the point at which they can safely bear litters on their own. For example, the Bulldog often requires artificial insemination and almost always requires cesarean section for giving birth.
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ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ
Контрольная работа
для студентов заочной формы обучения по направлению подготовки бакалавриата 111900
«Ветеринарно-санитарная экспертиза»
Вариант 1.
I..Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Modal Verbs:
1.The results of experiments on animal behavior are to be analysed on the basis of scientific knowledge.
2.Certain animal diseases may greatly influence our health.
3.Preventive medicine should have considered the aspects of disease prevention and control.
4.The problems of the bird flu were to attract many scientists to take part in the conference.
5.During the Ice Age in order to survive, animals had to adapt to colder environmental conditions.
II.Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice:
1.Any changes in animal feeding will be agreed on with the vet tomorrow.
2.Yesterday the specialist in animal nutrition was asked to give some recommendations and he was listened to with great attention.
3.The young farmer has been already given some advice how to look after the cows during the winter period.
4.At the moment the plan for farm reconstruction is being discussed.
5.Some essential nutrients cannot be manufactured within the cell in the body of animals.
III. Translate the following sentences with the Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions:
1.To be most effective the sunlight must be direct.
2.To get their essential nourishing fuel, mammals have to perform a whole series of complicated operations.
3.The unused residue returns to the soil as manure to enrich the food supply.
4.Copper is known to be the activator of certain enzyme systems.
5.The pig is believed to be the world’s second largest provider of meat known as pork.
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IY. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to V-ing forms:
1.The calf growing on a pasture will be healthier than that kept in a barn.
2.Only animal products satisfying all the necessary veterinarian standards can be sold in the market.
3.Whitewashing the walls helps in maintaining sanitation.
4.Because of the covering of wool sheep can withstand cold temperatures better than cattle.
5.Frozen silage must be thawed before feeding.
Y. Read and translate the text into Russian:
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock. As such, it is a vital skill for farmers, and in many ways as much art as it is science. The science of animal husbandry, called animal science, is taught in many universities and colleges around the world. Students of animal science may pursue degrees in veterinary medicine or zootecnics following graduation, or go on to pursue master's degrees or doctorates in disciplines such as nutrition, genetics and breeding, or reproductive physiology. Graduates of these programs may be found working in the veterinary and human pharmaceutical industries, the livestock and pet supply and feed industries, or in academia. It is one of the oldest world professions. Historically, certain sub-professions within the field of Animal Husbandry are specifically named according to the animals which are cared for.
A swineherd is a person who cares for hogs and pigs (older English term: swine). A shepherd is a person who cares for sheep. A goatherd cares for goats. A cowherd cares for cattle. In previous years, it was common to have herds which were made up of sheep and goats. In this case, the person tending them was called a shepherd. In more modern times, cowboys (or in Spanish: gauchos) rode horses and participated in cattle drives to watch over cows and bulls raised primarily for food.
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Вариант 2.
I.Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Modal Verbs:
1.Scientists ought to carry out many experiments before the animal cloning may become a routine procedure in the breeding of farm animals.
2.If the weather is windy and rainy hill sheep and cattle will have to stop grazing to look for grounds and shelter.
3.According to the agreement with a farmer, a veterinary surgeon is to examine farm animals regularly.
4.Livestock often eat forage and other food sources that humans are not able to eat, and convert them to types of food that humans can consume.
5.In order to maintain animals in healthy condition, each farmer must follow certain sanitary requirements.
II.Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice:
1.Animals are bred for utility, sport, pleasure and research.
2.The planning of mating combinations was introduced in practice.
3.Much effort is being made to study the possibilities of utilizing agricultural and industrial waste in the nutrition of farm animals.
4.If animal manure is utilized for feed nutrients, some pollution problems will be solved.
5.Horses are being bred for sport.
III. Translate the following sentences with the Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions:
1.To prevent meats from being contaminated by harmful bacteria, producers widely used vacuum-packing.
2.Fermentation is supposed to have been an ancient form of food preservation used in the meat industry.
3.Meat is considered to be an essential part of human diet.
4.Milk is known to be highly nutritious food that has been used by humans since the beginning of recorded time.
5.This boar is not vigorous enough to be used for mating.
IY. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to V-ing forms:
1. Being raised for mutton, sheep can be also sheared in order to obtain some
wool.
2. Being rich in such nutrients as essential amino acids, meat is highly valued as human food.
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3.Having become more concerned about our diet, we began to eat more poultry, fish and fresh fruit and vegetables and fewer eggs and less pork.
4.Raising and feeding cattle on pasture throughout the year is the most economical method.
5.The recording of individual performance in breeding populations of farm animals developed rapidly in 1970s.
Y.Read and translate the text into Russian.
DAIRY FARMING
Dairy farming dealing with production and use of milk products is one of the important branches of agriculture in many countries. Dairy husbandry includes the management of dairy cows, the cultivation of crops for feed, the production of milk and cream, and the manufacture of butter, cheese and ice-cream.
It is necessary to mention some essential features of modern dairy farming. Under the modern system of evaluating milk on the basis of butterfat content, it is important that the dairy farmer keep records not only of the total production of a herd but of the performance of individual cows. In this way the best cows can be selected and poor producers can be replaced by better cattle. Moreover, one should take into account that there has been an enormous expansion of milk-drying facilities, which has resulted in the increase in human consumption of nonfat dry milk solids. The introduction of labour-saving machinery has made the dairy farmer’s work much easier. Besides, modern improvements in refrigeration and transportation have eliminated the influence of climate and adverse weather conditions on milk delivery. The research done by governmental and association agencies has led to higher milk production and greater use of dairy products and especially to the discovery of new industrial uses for milk by-products.
Many countries are known to have adopted laws requiring that milk should be pasteurized as a protection against disease-causing organisms called pathogenic. Pasteurization is a partial sterilization accomplished by raising the milk to a temperature high enough to destroy pathogenic bacteria and a large portion of those causing spoilage. Pasteurized milk to be kept refrigerated in closed containers may remain consumable for approximately 14 days. Ultrapasteurized milk is heated to an even higher temperature and can be stored at room temperature for several weeks.
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Вариант 3.
I.Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the Modal Verbs:
1.A farmer must separate a sick animal immediately from the other animals in the herd.
2.A national breeding association is to publish the official record of the pedigree of purebred horses and dogs every year.
3.During the recent decades some species of animals had to move to new places and adapt to new environment conditions.
4.All animals and birds which are imported from foreign countries must be under severe quarantine for some period of time to prevent the introduction of any infections.
5.Some symptoms such as high temperature or fever may be noticed even by a non-specialist.
II. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Passive Voice:
1.The most significant progress in animal breeding has been done with dairy
cattle.
2.It is necessary to examine young males that will be used for breeding.
3.When poultry and swine are kept in confinement, their manure will be collected, recovered and used for refeeding to cattle.
4.Ecology is widely studied as one of the most important aspects of biology.
5.Animals should be examined by veterinary surgeons regularly.
III. Translate the following sentences with the Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions:
1.The lamb is not fat enough to be slaughtered this month.
2.Ecologists have found a lot of bird species to be disappearing at a rapid rate now.
3.Beekeeping is believed to have originated in the Middle East.
4.These geese do not seem to have attracted the attention of genetics.
5.The goat proved to be an important milk producer in China and India.
IY. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to V-ing forms:
1.Being obtained from different kind of animals, meats are usually classified by the type of animal.
2.Producers dealing with meat processing have already succeeded in new technologies having been introduced in order to satisfy the increasing demand for their products.
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