III. Choose the right word.

1. Urban poverty is the big … at the dawn of a new century.

a) challenge b) concern c) problem

2. The urban population throughout much of the world is … rapidly.

a) fighting b) growing c) increasing

3. Large numbers of … are also impoverished.

a) institutions b) agencies c) working people

4. Larger international institutions have turned their attention to urban poverty …

a) alleviation b) population c) condition

5. These institutions focus attention on programs that … the conditions in poor communities .

a) generate b) improve c) develop

IV. Complete the sentences

1. Many of the new urbanities will be impoverished or close to impoverished unless …

2. At the bottom of the income …

3. Within the developing world …

4. Larger international institutions ….

5. The establishment institutions focus attention on …

6. The attention paid urban poverty by institutions demonstrates …

V. Insert the right words

(manifestations, urban, poverty, beggars, claim, population, fighting)

1. Rural … continues to … attention from many development agencies.

2. … trends do much to explain the newfound concern.

3. According to United Nation’s projections, … population will reach 4, 54 billion in 25 years.

4. These people are the … of the third world.

5. Established organizations take the lead in … poverty and its … .

VI. Answer the questions on the text

1. What is the big challenge of our century?

2. What number will the population reach in 25 years, according to United Nation’s projects?

3. Why do the people of big cities become beggars?

4. What are the large international organizations, which turned their attention to urban poverty?

5. What are the programs on which the international institutions focus

attention?

VII. Translate into English

1.Городская нищета становится большой проблемой нашего века.

2. Городское население во всем мире быстро увеличивается.

3. Согласно данным ООН, городское население достигнет 4,54 млн. через 25 лет.

4. Международные организации создают программы, направленные на улучшение условий жизни в бедных странах.

Unit 12 Nature and resources

I. Read the text and divide it into the parts. Give the title to each part.

Russia occupies one-sixth of the world’s populated land and has an area of 22.4 million sq. km. It is a country of vast plains and mountain areas of various altitude. The variation of relief is over seven and a half kilometers.

Mineral resources. Nature provided Russia with a generous share of natural resources. Russia is the only country in the world that lives on its own natural resources. Russia leads the world in the discovered deposits of coal, natural gas, iron and manganese ores, ores of non-ferrous metals, potash, asbestos, phosphates and other mineral resources.

Russia has huge reserves of combustible minerals, which serve as major raw materials for the chemical industry.

Water resources. Annually, about 12,000 cu km of water are precipitated on the surface of Russia, less than half of this am0ount of moisture is lost by evaporation. The country has 3 million rivers carrying their wate4s into Arctic and the Pacific oceans, and via the Black, the Azov and the Baltic seas – to the Atlantic ocean. There are nearly 3 million lakes in Russia. Above all, they are the sources of fresh water. Some lakes are abundant in therapeutic muds, some are “suppliers” of common salt.

The most famous one is Lake Baikal. It’s the world’s deepest freshwater lake. It is the largest reserve of fresh water : Lake Baikal holds nearly 80% of the Russian surface fresh water. Lake Baikal is about 25 million years old. The water in the lake is remarkable for its transparency : it rich in oxygen. The wildlife of Lake Baikal is diverse – there are over 1,200 animal and 600 plant species in the area.

Wildlife. There is a great diversity of wildlife in Russia. The country has about 100,000 species of plants, which is nearly one-sixth of the world’s flora, and up to 130,000 species of animals, which is about 8% of the world’s fauna.

Human interference has had a considerable impact upon the abundance and composition of wildlife; some species became extinct; or sharply decreased in number; some were implanted into flora and fauna from outside, i.e. from other countries.

Many wild animals ceased to be the objects of hunting alone, and are now being bred by man and domesticated. Wildlife remains an inexhaustible genetic fund for selection the process used by breeders to produce certain special types or qualities, as in domestic animals and cultured plants.