Химия 9кл_Габриелян_ГДЗ_2002

?keb \f_klh+&Oih^g_klb d hl\_jklbx ijh[bjdb k ZffbZdhf iZehqdm kfhq_ggmx dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghc Zahlghc dbkehlhc lh fu gbq_]h g_ m\b^bf

NH + HNO NH NO .

²g_ h[eZ^Z_l e_3lmq_klvx3 4 3

NHH[uqgh4NO3 ^ey hij_^_e_gby hkgh\Zgbc bkihevamxl j_Zdpbb k h[jZah\Zgb_f g_jZkl\hjbfuo ]b^jhdkb^h\ gZijbf_j0J 2+2.

2NH OH + MgCl 2NH Cl + Mg(OH) ↓.

<uiZ^Z_l [_euc hkZ^hd4 2 4 2 Bamq_gb_ k\hckl\ \h^gh]h jZkl\hjZ ZffbZdZ

<h^guc jZkl\hj ZffbZdZ bf__l s_ehqgmx kj_^m l _ ^Z_l fZebgh\mx hdjZkdm k n_ghenlZe_bghf

Ijb dbiyq_gbb jZkl\hjZ ]b^jhdkb^ Zffhgby jZaeZ]Z_lky \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h ZffbZd me_lZ_l b jZkl\hj klZgh\blky g_cljZevguf

t

↑

N_ghenlZe_bg \ g_cljZevghcNH4OHkj_^NH_ ²3 +[H_2kp\O . lguc

N_ghenlZe_bg ^Z_l fZebgh\mx hdjZkdm \ jZkl\hj_ ]b^jhdkb^Z Zffhgby lZd dZd lhl y\ey_lky hkgh\Zgb_f Ijb ^h[Z\e_gbb dbkehlu ijhbkoh^bl g_cljZebaZpby b p\_l bkq_aZ_l

IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ ‹

Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ aZ^Zqb ih l_f_©Ih^]jmiiZ8. ZahlZª

AZ^ZqZ

Z JZkl\hjbf ZffbZd \ \h^_ b ijh\_jbf hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z jZkl\hjZ

<uiZ^ZNH3 +_lH[2O_eucNHhkZ^hd4OH, N_2NHghenlZe4OH _+bgMgClhdjZrb\Z2 = 2NH_4lkyCl +\Mg(OH)fZebgh\uc2↓. p\_l [ Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZy ZahlgZy dbkehlZ jZkl\hjy_l f_lZeebq_kdmx f_^v

91

dhgp KX 12 ↓

H[jZam_lky ]hem[hcCu + 4HNOjZkl\hj b \u^_ey3)lky2 + 2NO[mjuc2 +]Za2H2O. \ GbljZl Zffhgby ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb jZaeZ]Z_lky gZ ^\Z ]Zahh[jZaguoijbW°>100°K \_s_kl\Z

t

↑ ↑

Ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb k s_ehqvxNH4NO\u^3 _Ney2O_lky+ ZffbZd2H2O .

t

↑

:ffbZd fh`ghNHhij4NO_^3eblv+ NaOHih aZiZomNaNObeb3 +dZdNHmdZaZgh3 + H2O\. imgdl_ Z

AZ^ZqZ

Ijh\_^_f j_Zdpbx1+ b 1+ k &D

< j_amevlZl_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by4)2SO4iblZl4NOevguc3 we(OH)_f_gl2. Zahl me_lmqb\Z_lky \ \b^_ ZffbZdZ

(NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 =CaSO4↓ + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O; 2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 = Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3↑ + 2H2O.

AZ^ZqZ

Z >ey hij_^_e_gby1+ fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv j_Zdpbx k s_ehqvx ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb 4+

t

↑

G_mklhcqb\uc1+NH2+4Cl +jZaeZ]ZNaOH _lkyNHijb3 +gZ]jH2O_\Zgbb+ NaClk. h[jZah\Zgb_f ]Zahh[jZagh]h ZffbZdZ4 Hij_^_e_gb_1+ ih^jh[gh hibkZgh \ aZ^Zq_ Z 3

Oehjb^ bhgu&O– fh`gh hij_^_eblv k ihfhsvx bhgh\ $J+ beb3E2+.

AgNO3 + NH4Cl NH4NO3 + AgCl↓.

KmevnZl bhgu62 2– hij_^_eyxlky j_Zdpb_c k jZkl\hjhf <Z2+

<Z4&O ↓ .

<uiZ^Z_l [_euc hkZ^hd2 + (NHg_jZkl\hjbfuc4)2SO4 2NH\4Cl+BaSOdbkehlZo4 b s_ehqZo

AZ^ZqZ

AZibr_f nhjfmeu \u^Zgguo m^h[j_gbc oehjb^ dZeby ZffbZqgZy k_ebljZ kmi_jnhknZl — KCl; KgZqZeZ hij_^_ebf&D +— NH4NO3 >ey wlh]h \havf— _Ca(Hf ba[ulhd2PO4)2. jZkl\hjZ s_ehqb 2PO4)2

92

↓ H

<uiZ^Z_l3Ca(H[_euc2POhkZ^hd4)+12NaOH< ijh[bjdCa3_(PO]^4)2gZoh^beZkv+4Na3PO4+12HZffbZqgZy2 k_ebljZ ih^ ^_ckl\b_f s_ehqb \u^_ey_lky ]Za

Hij_^_ebf l_i_NHjv4.NO&O3 +>eyNaOH=NaNOwlh]h ^h[Z\bf3 + NHjZkl\hj3↑ + H2O.$J123 beb

Pb(NO3)2.

AgNO3+KCl AgCl↓+KNO3,

<uiZ^Z_l [_euc hkZ^hdPb(NO3)2+2KCl PbCl2↓+2KNO3.

AZ^ZqZ

IjhdZeb\Zy l\_j^uc1+4&Ofh`gh ihemqblv qbkluc ZffbZd

t

↑ ↑

Ijb jZaeh`_gbb h[jZamxlkyNH4Cl ^\ZNH]Zahh[jZaguo3 + HCl . ijh^mdlZ IjhimkdZy wlm kf_kv q_j_a s_ehqv fu ba[Z\ey_fky hl oehjh\h^hjh^Z

HklZ_lky qbkluc ZffbZdHCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O.

Ba1+ b 1+ ZffbZd fh`gh ihemqblv \ kbevghs_ehqghc4)2SO4 kj_^4_NOijb3 gZ]j_\Zgbb

AZ^ZqZ

(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH 2NH3↑ + H2O+Na2SO4,

NH4NO3 + NaOH NH3↑ + H2O + NaNO3.

I_j\Zy bhggZy j_Zdpby khhl\_lkl\m_l j_Zdpbb g_cljZebaZpbb

<lhjZyHCl+NaOHbhggZy j_ZdpbyNaCl+H²hkZ`^2O, _gb_%D62H++OH– H2O.

4;

AZ^ZqZ

JZkl\hjbf f_lZeebq_kdmx f_^v \ dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghc Zahlghc dbkehl_

dhgp ↑

H[jZamxsbckyCu+4HNO]hem[hc jZkl\hjCu(NOkh^_j`bl3)2+2NO&X 12+2H2O.

JZkl\hjbf&X 2+2 \ +123: 3)2.

H[jZam_lky ]hem[hcCu(OH)jZkl\hj2+2HNOgbljZlZ3 Cu(NOf_^b,,3)2+2H2O.

93

Ihemqbf&X 123)2 q_j_a j_Zdpbx hkZ`^_gby

H[jZam_lky [_eucCuSOhkZ^hd4+Ba(NO_]h3g)2_h[oh^bfhBaSO4↓+Cu(NOhlnbevljh\Zlv3)2. HklZ\rbcky jZkl\hj — Cu(NO3)2.

2+ –

Ijb ijhimkdZgbbCaCOKH3+COq_j2+Ha ^bklbeebjh\Zggmx2O Ca +2HCO3 .\h^m m]e_dbkeuc ]Za qZklbqgh jZkl\hjy_lky2 k h[jZah\Zgb_f m]hevghc dbkehlu G2KH3.

DZd dbkehlZ+ bf__lCOdbkemx2+H2Oj_ZdpbxH2CO3, ihwlhfm eZdfmk hdjZkblky \ kbgbc2CO3p\_l

JZkihagZ\Zgb_ dZj[hgZlh\

GZf \u^Zgh \_s_kl\Z1D

KgZqZeZ ijb[Z\bf jZkl\hj2SO+&O4, ZnClIjb2, wlhfK2COj3,ZdpbyNa2SiOihc^3. _l lhevdh \ ^\mo ijh[bjdZo

94

L_i_jv ^h[Z\bf jZkl\hj%D&O K 1D wlhl jZkl\hj ^Z_l hkZ^hd 2 2SO4

Na2SO4+BaCl2 BaSO4↓+2NaCl,

2Na++SO42–+Ba2++2Cl– BaSO4↓+2Na++2Cl–,

Ba2++SO 2– BaSO ↓.

<uiZ^Z_l [_euc hkZ^hd K jZkl\hjhf4 =Q&O 4gbq_]h g_ ijhbkoh^bl

< hklZ\r_cky ijh[bjd_=Q&O >h[Z\bf2 jZkl\hj $J12 qlh[u ijh\_jblv wlh <uiZ^Z_l [_euc2hkZ^hd 3

ZnCl2+2AgNO3 Zn(NO3)2+2AgCl↓,

Zn2++2Cl–+2Ag++2NO3– Zn2++2NO3–+2AgCl↓.

Cl–+Ag+ AgCl↓.

<u\h^ >ey dZj[hgZl bhgh\ dZq_kl\_gghc j_Zdpb_c y\ey_lky j_Zdpby k dbkehlhc k \u^_e_gb_f m]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZ

CO32–+2H+ H2O+CO2↑.

95

Obfbq_kdbc ijZdlbdmf

K\hckl\Z hj]Zgbq_kdbo \_sIII_kl\.

IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ ‹ Ihemq_gb_ wlbe_gZ b bamq_gb_ _]h10k\hckl\.

< ijh[bjd_ gZqbgZ_l \u^_eylvky ]Za

96

=exdhaZ ih k\hbf obfbq_kdbf k\hckl\Zf y\ey_lky Zev^_]b^hkibjlhf l _ hgZ ijhy\ey_l k\hckl\Z b Zev^_]b^h\ b fgh]hZlhfguo kibjlh\ DZd Zev^_]b^ hgZ \klmiZ_l \ j_Zdpbb oZjZdl_jgu_ ^ey wlh]h deZkkZ \_s_kl\ \ qZklghklb ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb \aZbfh^_ckl\m_l k &X 2+ k h[jZah\Zgb_f djZkgh dhjbqg_\h]h hkZ^dZ&X H DZd fgh]hZlhfguc2 kibjl ]exdhaZ ^Z_l jZkl\hj yjdh kbg_]h p\2lZ ijb ^h[Z\e_gbb d g_c k\_`_]h hkZ^dZ&X 2+2.

t

<uiZ^Z_l djZkguc hkZ^hd2CuOH&X Cu2O↓+H2O.

>ey hij_^_e_gby lj_o ^Zgguo2O.\_s_kl\ ba dZ`^hc ijh[bjdb ^h[Z\bf g_fgh]h&X 2+ < ^\mo ijh[bjdZo h[jZam_lky yjdh kbgbc jZkl\hj ]exdhaZ b ]ebp_jbg2 L_i_jv gZ]j__f \k_ ljb kf_kb \ ^\mo ijh[bjdZo \uiZ^_l djZkguc hkZ^hd Zev^_]b^ b ]exdhaZ LZdbf h[jZahf fu magZ_f \ dZdhc ijh[bjd_ dZdh_ \_s_kl\h gZoh^blky

FZrbggh_ fZkeh khklhbl \ hkgh\ghf ba ij_^_evguo m]e_\h^hjh^h\ Z jZklbl_evgh_ fZkeh ²ba `bjh\ h[jZah\Zgguo g_ij_^_evgufb dbkehlZfb JZklbl_evgh_ fZkeh h[_kp\_qb\Z_l [jhfgmx \h^m Z fZrbggh_²g_l

Z >ey ihemq_gby ijhklh]h wnbjZ ijh\_^_f j_Zdpbx ^_]b^jZlZpbb wlbeh\h]h kibjlZ

K G HG K G ²H ²K G G H

H[jZamxsbc wnbj2 5 gZau\Z_lky ^bwlbeh\uf2 5 >ZggZy2 5 j2 Zdpby ijhoh^bl ebrv ijb hij_^_e_gguo mkeh\byo gZ]j_\Zgbb \ ijbkmlkl\bb+ b ijb ba[uld_ kibjlZ [ >ey ihemq_gby2SOZev^4 _]b^Z ba kibjlZ gm`gh bkihevah\Zlv keZ[uc hdbkebl_ev gZijbf_j&X2+.

97

Dhgp_gljbjh\ZggZy+ aZ[bjZ_l \h^m m kZoZjZ \ j_amevlZl_ ihemqZ_lky k\h[h^guc2SOm]e4_jh^ q_jgh_ \_s_kl\h

Z >ey hij_^_e_gby djZofZeZ kms_kl\m_l ohjhrZy dZq_kl\_ggZy j_Zdpby k bh^hf H[jZam_lky mklhcqb\uc dhfie_dk yjdh kbg_]h p\_lZ

DZig_f g_kdhevdh dZi_ev jZkl\hjZ bh^Z gZ dZjlhn_ev b [_euc oe_[ ?keb gZ ijh^mdlZo h[jZam_lky kbg__ iylgh lh hgb kh^_j`Zl djZofZe [ >ey ijh\_jdb y[ehdZ gZ kh^_j`Zgb_ ]exdhau ijb]hlh\bf g_kdhevdh dZi_ev y[ehqgh]h khdZ >h[Z\bf g_fgh]h kbg_]h hkZ^dZ

?keb bkke_^m_fuc jZkl\hj kh^_j`bl ]exdham lh kgZqZeZ fuC (OH)ihemqbf2 kbgbc jZkl\hjbfuc dhfie_dk ]exdhau dhlhjuc ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb jZaeh`blky ^h djZkgh]h&X H

Z KgZqZeZ hij_^_ebf djZofZe ^h[Z\b\2 d dZ`^hfm ba lj_o \_s_kl\ jZkl\hj bh^Z < ijh[bjd_ k djZofZehf h[jZam_lky kbgbc dhfie_dk =exdham hl kZoZjhau fh`gh hlebqblv aZ kq_l Zev^_]b^guo k\hckl\ H[Z \_s_kl\Z h[eZ^Zxl k\hckl\Zfb fgh]hZlhfgh]h kibjlZ gh lhevdh ]exdhaZ h[eZ^Z_l _s_ b k\hckl\Zfb Zev^_]b^Z >h[Z\bf \ h[_ ijh[bjdb&X 2+ h[jZam_lky kbgbc jZkl\hj Gh lhevdh ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb k ]exdhahc \uiZ^Z2 _l djZkguc hkZ^hd&X 2l _ ijhbkoh^bl hdbke_gb_ Zev^_]b^ghc ]jmiiu 2

[ KgZqZeZ hij_^_ebf djZofZe k ihfhsvx bh^Z H[jZam_lky kbgbc dhfie_dk

98

L_i_jv ijh\_jbf dbkehlghklb jZkl\hjh\ fueZ b ]ebp_jbgZ =ebp_jbg bf__l keZ[hdbkemx kj_^m Z fueh ²s_ehqgmx =ebp_jbg lZd`_ h[jZam_l k &X 2+ kbgbc jZkl\hj k\hckl\h fgh]hZlhfguo kibjlh\ 2

GZ]j__f ihemq_ggu_ jZkl\hju < h^ghc ba ijh[bjhd \uiZ^Z_l [_euc hkZ^hd ² ijhbkoh^bl ^_gZlmjZpby [_edZ K ]ebp_jbghf ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb gbq_]h g_ ijhbkoh^bl

IjZdlbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ ‹

JZkihagZ\Zgb_ \hehdhg13.

AZibr_f kljmdlmjgu_ nhjfmeu bkdmkkl\_gguo \hehdhg

:p_lZlgh_ \hehdgh [ – C6H7O2(OCCH3)3 – ]n .

99

100