инжсети

4.3Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɣɤɭ ɭɥɢɰ, ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ

ɢɩɨɥɢɜɤɭ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ

Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɣɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

ɝɞɟ Fni – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɭɥɢɰ, ɩɪɨɟɡɞɨɜ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɞ-

ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɨɣɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɟ, ɝɚ;

qni – ɧɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɦɨɣɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɭ, ɥ/ɦ2,

ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3 [1].

ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɩɨɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɹɯ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɭ ɢ ɦɨɣɤɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 50-90 ɥ/ɫɭɬ [1, ɩ. 2.3]. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɣɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɭ ɭɥɢɰ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɨɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɦɨɣɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3 [1] ɩɪɢɦɟɦ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 4.3.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4.3 – ɋɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɦɨɣɤɭ ɭɥɢɰ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɭ

ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ

ɉɪɢɦɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɭ ɢ ɦɨɣɤɭ 70 % ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɣɤɢ, ɚ 30 % – ɪɭɱɧɨɣ.

11

4.4 Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ

Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ 100 %. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɫɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

ɝɞɟ t – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɦɟɧɟ.

Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɬ ɫɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ

ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɧɵ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, qɱ.m = 100 / 8 = 12,5%. ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ Kɱ.max = 1,4, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,

qɱ.max =1,4 12,5 =17,5 %, qɨɫɬ. = 1008 −171 ,5 =11,78 %.

Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɚɫ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɨɦ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 4.4.

12

4.5 Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ

Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɠɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ.

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 5 [1] ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 [8]. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ 25 ɥ/ɫ. ɗɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɨɪɨɞɭ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 49000 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɷɬɚɠɚ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ 5 ɥ/ɫ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 7 [1] ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3 [8]: 20 ɥ/ɫ – ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ II ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɝɧɟɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ Ȼ ɩɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ 44000 ɦ3; 15 ɥ/ɫ – ɞɥɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ II ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɝɧɟɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ Ⱦ ɩɨ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ 75000 ɦ3. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 150 ɝɚ [1, ɩ. 2.22; 8, ɩ. 6.1]. ȼ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɠɚɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ [1, ɩ. 2.12], ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɞɜɭɦ.

Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ

Qɩɨɠ. = 2 25 5 = 55 ɥ/ɫ.

13

4.6Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ

ɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɫɭɬɨɤ

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ (ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɲɟɧ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɜ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ, ɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ [2], ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ: ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ Ɍm = 8 ɱ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:

ɝɞɟ Kɱ.max ɢ Kɱ.min – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ [1, ɩ. 2.2] ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:

ɝɞɟ Į – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɩɪɢ-

ɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ Įmax = 1,2 – 1,4, Įmin = 0,4 – 0,6 [1];

β– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2 [1].

ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ Į ɢβ:

Įmax = 1,3, Įmin = 0,5, ȕmaxȺ = 1,18, ȕminȺ = 0,53, ȕmaxȻ = 1,2, ȕminȻ = 0,5.

14

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɵ:

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɚ:

ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɵ, ɚ ɜ ɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬ. ɋɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɤ 8-9 ɱɚɫɚɦ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɩɚɞ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɜɟɱɟɪɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ: ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ 22 ɞɨ 24 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɫ 0 ɞɨ 5 ɱɚɫɨɜ; ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫ 5 ɞɨ 6 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɫ 10 ɞɨ 17 ɱɚɫɨɜ; ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫ 6 ɞɨ 10 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɫ 17 ɞɨ 22 ɱɚɫɨɜ.

ɑɚɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ:

ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ, ɫɱɢɬɚɹ ɱɬɨ

Qɫɭɬ.max = 100%.

Ɋɚɣɨɧ «Ⱥ»: qɱ.max =1,53 10024 = 6,38 %; qɱ.m = 10024 = 4,17 %;

15

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4.4 – Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɫɭɬɨɤ

16

qɱ.min = 0,27 10024 = 1,13 %.

Ɋɚɣɨɧ «Ȼ»: qɱ.max = 1,56 10024 = 6,5 %; qɱ.m = 10024 = 4,17 %;

qɱ.min = 0,25 10024 = 1,04 %.

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ Ɍmax ɢ Ɍmin ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɬɨ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɪɚɣɨɧɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ 100 %:

Qɫɭɬ.maxȺ = 6,38 9 + 4,17 8 +1,13 7 = 98,69 %;

Qɫɭɬ.maxȻ = 6,5 9 + 4,17 8 +1,04 7 = 99,14 %.

ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɦ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɦ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: qɱ.maxA = 6,53 %, qɱ.maxȻ = 6,6 %. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 4.4. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɢɬɶɟɜɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɛ-

ɥɢɰɟ 13 [3].

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ [1, ɩ. 2.8], ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɛɨɪɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɦɨɣɤɢ ɭɥɢɰ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɩɢɬɶɟɜɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɜɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɣɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫ 22 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜɟɱɟɪɚ ɞɨ 6 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɭɬɪɚ, ɚ ɪɭɱɧɚɹ – ɜ ɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɟɱɟɪɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɞɜɨɪɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɲɥɚɧɝɨɜ.

18

4.7 ȼɵɛɨɪ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ

ȼɵɛɨɪ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɤɚ. ȼɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɱɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ II ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 1600 ɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɤɢ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɠɢɥɨɣ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ.

ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɡɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɹɬɢɷɬɚɠɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɨɦ. Ɂɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɬɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɤ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɦ ɩɨɞɤɚɱɤɢ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4.1). ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɦ ɬɪɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ȼɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɚɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ 1600 ɦ. Ʉ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɭɡɥɟ 7, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɬɪɚɫɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɟɣ 7-8-1 ɢ 7-6-9-2, ɬɪɟɬɶɹ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶ 6-5-4-3 ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, 4-ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɭɸ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ. ȼɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɛɚɲɧɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣɫɟɬɢɞɜɭɦɹɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɚɦɢɜɭɡɥɟ2.

4.8Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɟɬɢ

ɢɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ

Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4.2. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢɨɬɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɵɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ[1, ɩ. 4.11].

19

ɉɪɢ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:

-ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ;

-ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɭɸ ɛɚɲɧɸ;

-ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɩɨɠɚɪɨɬɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɚɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚ-

ɥɢɡɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɛɚɤɚ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɪɧɨɣ ɛɚɲɧɢ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ: ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ – ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ 3 % ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ; ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ – ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ 4,65 % ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɜ ɱɚɫɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɛɚɤ ɛɚɲɧɢ, ɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ, ɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɛɚɲɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4.2.

2Ʉmin=1,8/4,17=0,43

1

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4.2 – Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ

20