Глебовский Англ. яз. ч1 09

dark (тёмный) – darkness hard (твёрдый) – hardness brittle – brittleness

stiff (жёсткий) – stiffness

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод степеней сравнения прилагательных.

1.Structural carbon steel is the most important class of steel for the construction industry.

2.However steels with higher carbon contents are more brittle at low temperatures and more difficult to weld.

3.Although the use of high strength steel will often produce a lighter structure for the same design strength than one in a weaker material, the structure may suffer from excessive deflection or instability.

4.In such cases it may be necessary to use a larger amount of material of a lower quality or a different material, such as wood.

5.High strength connections are much easier made between steel components than between timber and precast concrete ones.

6.The most common way is to stretch steel bars or wires that are called tendons (напрягаемая арматура).

Текст B

High strength connections are much easier made between steel components than between timber and precast concrete ones. Connections in steel can be made by welding or bolting. They are a significant proportion of the total cost of a steel structure. Normal jointing methods allow dimensional errors in production or construction of the steelwork. A cheaper and easier connection may be made if the joint is not required to be a fixed one. The experiments showed that high quality of a steel joint resulted both from the strength of steel and from its ductility.

Most jointing methods are improved by use of a material which has such a combination of strength and ‘plasticity’ and this accounts for the use of steel for connections in wood and precast concrete and, often, for the initial choice of a steel structure.

Convenient connection methods and a high strength to weight ratio make steelwork suitable for prefabrication and fast erection on site. However the

size of prefabricated components is limited by the means of transport to site and sometimes the capacity of cranes on site.

Steel is dimensionally stable although it is subject to temperature movements. In general a typical single storey building of simple shape with steel columns would require a movement joint at about 50m (160ft) intervals.

Notes:

ductility n. вязкость, ковкость jointing n. соединение

prefabrication n. изготовление и/или монтаж сборных конструкций temperature movement температурное изменение

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How can connections in steel be made?

2.What do normal jointing methods allow?

3.What does high quality of a steel joint result from?

4.What do these qualities of a steel joint account for?

5.What is the use of prefabricated components limited by?

6.What do steel structures require?

7.Why do they require it?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные:

erection, means, transport, steelwork, welding, error, interval, movement joint, storey, plasticity;

прилагательные и наречия: simple, fixed;

глаголы:

result from, improve, bolt, prefabricate.

б) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

plastic (adj.) – plasticity weld – welding

loss – lose

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

WOOD

Many of the qualities that make wood a unique building material result from the structure of wood. It has a cellular structure which looks like a number of tubes that lie in the direction of the grain. They have approximately square cross-sections and are weakly glued one to the other. This can explain why wood is weak across the grain, and why its compressive strength is only about 1/3 of its tensile strength. Wood is the most popular construction material all over the world if we speak about the amount which is used and the number of suitable applications. Commercial woods are divided into softwoods such as pines and firs and hardwoods such as oak and ash. However the development

of some reliable wood glues has brought in a range of manufactured products which are based on wood such as glued laminated timber, plywoods, etc.

The qualities of wood depend on its moisture content. Moisture content affects the weight, strength, durability and size of wood. For example, dry wood has about twice the strength and stiffness of green wood.

Wood has low strength under long term loads and at high temperatures but it has good resistance to short term loads and high strength at low temperatures.

Wood has good stiffness, which means that it has a relatively high value of elastic modulus. Nevertheless, deflection is often the critical factor in the design of timber beams. Under long term loads, the further deformations due to creep may cause sagging, if it is not taken into account at the design stage.

Wood is a very good material to cut and work and, because of its structure, it is able to accept nails. Common methods of fixing are with nails, screws, bolts, metal plates, etc.

Notes:

ash n. ясень

cellular adj. ячеистый

commercial wood деловая древесина grain n. волокно

green wood древесина на корню oak n. дуб

pine n. сосна plywood n. фанера sagging n. прогиб

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is the structure of wood?

2.How does the structure of wood influence its strength?

3.Why is wood considered the most popular construction material?

4.What kinds of commercial woods are there?

5.What are the examples of these kinds of commercial woods?

6.What new wood products have been developed?

7.Why is it important for wood to be dry?

8.When does wood have low strength?

9.When does it have good resistance?

10.What does stiffness mean?

11.What is the critical factor in the design of timber beams?

12.What may cause sagging?

13.Why is wood a very good material to work?

14.What are common methods of wood fixing?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык

существительные:

bolt, screw, stage, softwood, range, development, tube, nail, hardwood, a number of;

прилагательные и наречия:

short term, critical, reliable, dry, laminated, popular, unique;

служебные слова и обороты: across, nevertheless;

глаголы:

accept, cut, fix, glue, lie, mean, bring, affect, speak, work.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы.

в) Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова наанглийскийязык:

применение; поперечное сечение; продукт серийного изготовления; сопротивление; модуль продольной упругости; лесоматериал; количество; гвоздь; содержаниевлаги; древесина; прочностьприсжатии; пластина; долговечность; прочность;

зависеть; делить; объяснять; быть похожим, выглядеть как; быть результатом; принимать во внимание; вызывать;

подходящий; обычный; дальнейший; другой; относительно; низкий; слабый; приблизительно (2); квадратный; часто;

и т. д.; который; такой как; если; только; почему; из-за.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с древесиной: её типами, особенностями и свойствами. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте антонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявнимание на подчеркнутые местоимения.

1.Structural members of any length and cross section and with any required curve can be made.

2.No cracks appeared under overload.

3.Anything less strong would not be good for that purpose.

4.Each piece has some characteristic that seriously reduces strength.

5.They used no laminated timber in this structure.

6.Nothing could be done to avoid cracking.

7.Because concrete is at the beginning in a plastic state, it can be used in construction of any size or shape.

8.The builders bound the layers together with mortar or some other binder.

9.In hot weather something should be done to prevent a premature set of concrete.

10.No wet concrete, after it is placed in its final position, should be at a temperature less than 5 °C or 40 °F.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию слова one.

1.They have square cross-sections and are glued one to the other.

2.The pieces are glued one over the other.

3.No one lamination (слоистая конструкция) is as long as the member.

4.Connections were made between steel components and between timber and precast concrete ones.

5.One should be careful when working with glued laminated timber.

6.Loads will produce tensile stresses and compressive ones.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите следующие сокращения:

50 m (160 ft); 1/3 of its tensile strength; 31.01.1845; 24 ft (7.2 m); 1212 in; 60–80 %; 20 C; 150 kg/m2; 90 cm; 3.5 m; 100300 mm; 7/8 of its length; 4.56.24ft; 03.10.1998; 32 lb; 145 F.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие группы существительных:

steel structure, beam cross-section, metal plate, section dimensions, timber construction, connection method, temperature movements, joint movement problem, construction industry, precast concrete component, carbon contents, design strength, production technique, transportation costs.

Упражнение5. Образуйтенаречияотследующихприлагательных, переведите их.

Текст B

GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER

Construction with sawn wood is limited by the size, shape, and characteristics of available trees. Lumber longer than 24 ft (7.2 m) or with a cross section dimension greater than 12 in. × 12 in. is difficult to obtain in large quantities. When lumber of these sizes is sawed, each piece much more often has some characteristic that seriously reduces strength or lowers the quality of its appearance than it is with pieces. Heavy timber construction and long spans are not feasible with sawn lumber. Sawn lumber cannot be bent into curves except in cross sections and is generally used straight.

However, structural members of any length and cross section and with any required curve can be made if pieces are glued together. The pieces, which are of standard lumber cross section, are glued one over the other, wide face to wide face, as laminations. No one lamination is as long as the member. They are glued end to end to reach the full length. A structural member made this way is called a glued-laminated member. The supporting members for heavy timber construction are glued-laminated timbers.

Lumber of 2 in. thickness is generally used for laminations. These laminations can be used straight in columns or beams and can be bent to form arches.

Notes:

end to end встык

glued-laminated member дощатоклеёные элементы

glued-laminated timber дощатоклеёные элементыдеревянныхконструкций lamination n. слоистая конструкция

lumber n. пиломатериал saw v. пилить

sawn wood пиломатериал tree n. дерево, бревно

88

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are the limitations for construction with sawn wood?

2.Why is large size lumber not good for construction?

3.What is not feasible with sawn lumber?

4.How can structural members of any length and cross section be made of lumber?

5.How are lumber pieces glued to reach the full length?

6.What can laminations be used for?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже слова:

except (prep.), lower (v.), thickness (n.), curve (n.), feasible(adj.), face (n.).

ЕслиВы не знаете слово, найдите его всловаре. Выпишите изсловаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

form n. – form v. – formwork long – length

89

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

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The construction industry uses over a quarter of all the plastics that are produced. However of the large number of plastics available, only a small number are suitable for use in the major elements of a building. The principal distinction among plastics is between the thermosetting and thermoplastic materials. Both types may be reinforced by fibres and in the case of thermosetting plastics this is almost always necessary in order to obtain good mechanical properties. Plastics are widely used because of their high strength to weight ratio, their ease of forming and their resistance to corrosion.

The most popular thermosetting plastic in use in the construction industry, due to its cost, strength, relative hardness and toughness, is fibreglass reinforced polyester, GRP, a composite which has a polyester resin matrix and glass fibre reinforcement. In a reinforced plastic the matrix binds the fibres together and protects them from damage; the fibres are much stronger than the surrounding matrix material. Fillers such as glass, mica and sand can also be incorporated so as to improve properties.

The properties of the plastic depend on the molecular structure and on the way the links between molecules are made. Only variations in temperature are needed in order to make large changes in the properties of the plastic. For example, unlike most metals, an increase in temperature even of 10 °C (18 °F) has a major effect on the strength, creep, elastic modulus and, therefore, the stiffness of the plastic. In addition to temperature, the mechanical properties of a plastic will depend on its conditions of use since production.

Notes:

fibreglass reinforced polyester полиэфирное стекловолокно matrix n. матрица

mica n. слюда

molecular adj. молекулярный thermoplastic adj. термопластичный thermosetting adj. термореактивный toughness n. жёсткость, прочность

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How many plastics does the construction industry use?

2.What is the principal distinction among plastics?

3.Why are plastics widely used?

4.What is the most popular plastic?

5.How can the properties of plastics be improved?

6.What do the properties of the plastic depend on?

7.What is needed in order to change the properties of the plastic?

8.What has a major effect on the stiffness of the plastic?

9.How high should an increase in temperate be?

10.What will the mechanical properties of a plastic depend on?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже слова:

glass (n.), protect (v.), resin (n.), unlike (adj.), composite (n.), plastic (n.), both (adj.), reinforcement (n.), glass fibre (n.), link (n.), surround (v.), panel (n.), incorporate (v.), hardness (n.), quarter (n.).

б) Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующие слова на английскийязык:

коррозия; соотношение; лёгкость; сопротивление; число; различие; способ; механические свойства; колебание; жёсткость; увеличение; модуль продольной упругости; деформация ползучести; дополнение; изменение; вес; прочность; волокно;

быть необходимым; зависеть; использовать; производить; улучшать; связывать; получать; армировать;

широко; высокий; относительный; прочный; основной; главный; пригодный;

с, с техпор как; только; длятого, чтобы; также; поэтому; даже; намного; из-за; их; почти; более; однако; для; между.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с пластмассами, их типами, особенностями и свойствами. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 5. Дайте производные от перечисленных ниже слов. Укажите часть речи, которойявляется данное слово, иего производные. Переведите их на русский язык.

hard; reinforce; wood; transport; weld; fabricate.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно схеме:

основа прилагательного + (i)ty = существительное

available – availability

capable (способный) – capability capacious (объёмный) – capacity conductive (проводящий) – conductivity dense (плотный) – density

durable – durability elastic – elasticity

permeable (проницаемый) – permeability porous (пористый) – porosity

proper – property

Упражнение2. Определите, к какойчастиречиотносятся следующие слова, от каких слов они образованы и как переводятся:

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сравнительный оборот the … the … .

1.The higher the temperature the more effect it has on the strength, creep and other properties of the plastic.

2.The larger the amount of aggregates in the concrete mix the less volume changes in the concrete due to shrinkage or temperature changes.

3.The more is the carbon contents of steel the stronger it is.

4.The more live load will be exerted on the structure the stronger it should be.

5.The higher temperatures the faster will be the creep.

Упражнение 4. Выделите главное и придаточное предложение в сложноподчинённых предложениях. Переведите их.

1.Steel and cement, which are the two most important building materials now, appeared in the nineteenth century.

2.The tensile strength of steel which means it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree of tension is its important advantage.

3.As steel has great tensile strength and concrete has great strength under compression they complement each other.

4.The means Romans used sometimes to strengthen their buildings were iron rods.

5.The natural cement Romans used was made from volcanic ash.

6.Good results depend upon the materials the builder selects and upon how he uses them.

7.Each material a builder uses must function well over a long time.

8.After the decision (решение) to design the building project is made the designer makes plans which consist of drawings.

Текст B

GLASS REINFORCED POLYESTER

Important general characteristics of GRP elements compared to other building materials and elements are as follows:

GRP has a low weight as well as a high strength to weight ratio.

GRP has moderately good tensile, compressive and shear strength; however, strength is dependent on temperature and at high temperature even moderate stresses can cause failure with time.As the properties of GRP become worse with time, high factors of safety are necessary for long-term loads.

The polyester resin which is used in the production of GRP hardens and cures. However the resin is brittle and needs the strength that is given to it by the glass fibres; generally structural GRP contains between 25 % and 60 % of glass fibre reinforcement.

GRP has a high coefficient of expansion.

GRP will creep, that is it will continue to deflect, if there is a permanent load on it. The higher temperatures the faster will be the creep. The maximum operating temperature is about 70 °C (160 °F).

GRP has a low modulus of elasticity and, because it is used in thin sections, deflection is often a critical factor in design. In order to overcome this flexibility GRP is often used in the form of double skin panels in which deflections are easy to control. The modulus of elasticity decreases with increase in temperature and time under load.

Notes:

coefficient n. коэффициент

double skin panel двухслойная панель operating temperature рабочая температура

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are the advantages of glass reinforced polyester?

2.What are its disadvantages?

3.Why are the glass fibres necessary in GRP?

4.What is the maximum operating temperature of this material?

5.Why is deflection a critical factor with GRP?

6.How is GRP flexibility overcome?

7.What influences the modulus of elasticity of GRP?

Грамматическое упражнение

Проанализируйте подчёркнутое в тексте предложение: выделите главное и придаточное предложения,

найдите главные и второстепенные члены предложения каждом из них.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже слова:

deflect (v.), overcome (v.), dependent (adj.), decrease (v.), expansion (n.), as well as (adv.), flexibility (n.).

Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его всловаре. Выпишите изсловаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

deflect – deflection depend – dependent

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

GLASS

Although there are hundreds of types of glass they all share almost similar properties, the main ones of them are transparency, high compressive strength, brittleness and good resistance to most corrosive agents.

Annealed Glass. The important general characteristics of glass compared to other building materials and structures are as follows:

Glass is a very durable material. It has a hardness comparable with steel, so that it is difficult to scratch, and has good resistance to almost all acids, including those sometimes present in rainwater.

Glass is an elastic material. However, unlike other elastic materials, such as steel, it cannot yield in a ‘plastic’ manner under tension so that scratches on

the surface of the glass, cause high stress concentrations there and make the glass fail in a brittle manner.

Glass is a strong material in compression but is only able to provide its full strength in tension if it is free of scratches. Therefore the tensile strength of glass depends on the state of the surface. Glass can take much higher tensile stresses if those are caused by very short term loads. The allowable tensile stresses for such short term loads are more than twice higher than those for long term loads.

Glass has low thermal conductivity. This means that significant temperature differences can be found within any glass in general use, as is the case for plastics which also have low thermal conductivities. However, glass is a more brittle material than most plastics and these temperature differences can lead to cracking. These drawbacks may often be overcome if a thin glass or toughened glass is used.

Notes:

acid n. кислота brittleness n. хрупкость

corrosive agent коррозирующий агент

scratch 1. n. царапина; 2. v. царапать, оставлять, наносить царапины transparency n. прозрачность

yield v. поддаваться (воздействию); прогибаться, пружинить

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are the main properties of glass?

2.What are its general characteristics?

3.What can be said about glass durability?

4.What is the difference of glass from other elastic materials?

5.What does tensile strength of glass depend on?

6.What does low thermal conductivity of glass mean?

7.Why can temperature differences in glass lead to cracking?

8.How may it be overcome?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже слова:

annealed glass, concentration (n.), temperature difference, toughened glass, share (v.), manner (n.), rainwater (n.), main (adj.), comparable (adj.).

Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

нагрузка; растягивающее напряжение; растяжение; состояние; растрескивание; сжатие; характеристика; сопротивляемость; поверхность; использование; прочность при сжатии; конструкция; теплопроводность; твёрдость; недостаток;

преодолевать; разрушаться; обеспечивать; находить; заставлять; приводить к; вызывать; означать; зависеть; включать;

долговечный; тонкий; имеющийся; кратковременный; свободный; полный; допустимый; похожий; упругий; хрупкий; вдвое; долговременный; высокий; важный;

чем; такой; почти; другой; часто; хотя; так что; в, внутри; как; также; большинство; иногда; в отличие от; такой как; там; только; поэтому; однако.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные со стеклом: еготипами, особенностями исвойствами. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Какиеизуказанныхпереводовсловявляютсяошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.